Dourmad J Y, Hassouna M, Robin P, Guingand N, Meunier-Salaün M C, Lebret B
1INRA, UMR1079 Systèmes d'Elevage Nutrition Animale et Humaine, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
Animal. 2009 Apr;3(4):606-16. doi: 10.1017/S1751731108003601.
A total of 200 crossbred pigs (castrated males and females) were used in five replicates to evaluate the influence of rearing conditions for fattening pigs on growth performance, manure production and gaseous emissions. Approximately at 36 kg body weight (BW), littermates were allocated to either a conventional (fully slatted floor, 0.65 m2/pig, considered as control, CON) or an alternative (sawdust bedding, 1.3 m2/pig, with free access to an outdoor area 1.1 m2/pig, OUT) system, until slaughter at approximately 115 kg BW. Pigs had free access to standard growing and finishing diets. Manure was stored as slurry below the slatted floor in the CON system and as litter, for the inside area, or slurry and liquid, for the outside area, in the OUT system. The amount and composition of manure were determined at the end of each replicate. Ammonia emission from the rooms was measured continuously. Dust and odour concentrations were measured in replicates 1 and 2, and CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions were measured in replicate 3. Compared with the CON, the OUT pigs exhibited a faster growth rate (+8%, P < 0.001) due to their greater feed intake (+0.21 kg/day, P < 0.01), resulting in a heavier BW (+7.3 kg, P < 0.001) and a lower lean meat content (-1.6% points, P < 0.001) at slaughter. The total amount of manure produced per pig was similar in both systems (380 kg/pig), but because of the contribution of sawdust, dry matter (DM) content was higher (P < 0.001) and concentrations in N, P, K, Cu and Zn in DM were lower (P < 0.001) in manure from the OUT than from the CON system. In the OUT system, most of the manure DM (70%) was collected indoor, corresponding mostly to the contribution of the sawdust, and most of the manure water (70%) was collected outdoor. Pigs excreted indoor about 60% and 40% of urine and faeces, respectively. Ammonia emission from the room was lower for the OUT system, whereas total NH3 emissions, including the outdoor area, tended to be higher (12.0 and 14.1 g/day N-NH3 per pig for CON and OUT, respectively). Nitrous oxide emission was higher (1.6 and 4.6 g/day N-N2O per pig for CON and OUT, respectively) and methane emission was lower (12.1 and 5.9 g/day per pig for CON and OUT, respectively), for the OUT compared with the CON system.
总共200头杂交猪（阉割公猪和母猪）用于5次重复试验，以评估育肥猪饲养条件对生长性能、粪便产生量和气态排放的影响。大约在体重36千克时，将同窝仔猪分配到传统系统（全漏缝地板，每头猪0.65平方米，视为对照，CON）或替代系统（锯末垫料，每头猪1.3平方米，每头猪可自由进入1.1平方米的室外区域，OUT），直至体重约115千克时屠宰。猪可自由采食标准生长育肥日粮。在CON系统中，粪便作为粪浆储存在漏缝地板下方；在OUT系统中，室内区域的粪便作为垫料储存，室外区域的粪便作为粪浆和液体储存。每次重复试验结束时测定粪便的量和成分。持续测量猪舍内的氨气排放。在第1次和第2次重复试验中测量粉尘和气味浓度，在第3次重复试验中测量甲烷、氧化亚氮和二氧化碳排放。与CON组相比，OUT组猪生长速度更快（提高8%，P<0.001），这是因为它们采食量更大（每天多采食0.21千克，P<0.01），导致屠宰时体重更重（增加7.3千克，P<0.001），瘦肉率更低（降低1.6个百分点，P<0.001）。两个系统中每头猪产生的粪便总量相似（每头猪380千克），但由于锯末的作用，OUT系统粪便的干物质（DM）含量更高（P<0.001），DM中氮、磷、钾、铜和锌的浓度低于CON系统（P<0.001）。在OUT系统中，大部分粪便DM（70%）在室内收集，主要来自锯末的贡献，大部分粪便水（70%）在室外收集。猪在室内分别排泄约60%的尿液和40%的粪便。OUT系统猪舍内的氨气排放较低，而包括室外区域在内的总氨气排放量趋于更高（CON组和OUT组每头猪每天分别排放12.0和14.1克氮-氨气）。与CON系统相比，OUT系统的氧化亚氮排放量更高（CON组和OUT组每头猪每天分别排放1.6和4.6克氮-氧化亚氮），甲烷排放量更低（CON组和OUT组每头猪每天分别排放12.1和5.9克）。
