School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan (H.P.), India.
Curr Drug Deliv. 2012 May;9(3):285-96. doi: 10.2174/156720112800389106.
In a typical therapeutic regimen the drug dose and the dosing interval are optimized to maintain drug concentration within the therapeutic window, thus ensuring efficacy while minimizing toxic effects. For many decades treatment of acute disease or a chronic illness has been mostly accomplished by delivery of drugs to patients using various pharmaceutical dosage forms. The immediate release conventional dosage form does not provide the proper plasma concentration of drug for prolonged period. This results in the development of various controlled drug delivery system. Among which the osmotic drug delivery systems (ODDS) are gaining importance as these systems deliver the drug at specific time as per the path physiological need of the disease, resulting in improved patient therapeutic efficacy and compliance. They work on the principle of osmotic pressure for controlling the delivery of the drug. Osmotic drug delivery systems with their versatility and their highly predictable drug release rates offer various biomedical advantages when given parenterally like reduced dose, targeting of site, avoiding gastrointestinal stability, hepatic bypass of drug molecule and follows zero order kinetics. Osmosis is an aristocratic phenomenon that seizes the attention for its exploitation in zero-order drug delivery systems. The release of the drug is independent of pH and physiological factors of the GIT to a large extent. Optimizing semi-permeable membrane characteristics and osmotic agent can modulate delivery of drug from the system. This review highlights the theoretical concept of drug delivery, history, types of oral osmotic drug delivery systems, factors affecting the drug delivery system, advantages and disadvantages of this delivery system, theoretical aspects, applications, and the marketed status.
在典型的治疗方案中，药物剂量和给药间隔时间被优化，以将药物浓度维持在治疗窗口内，从而在最小化毒性作用的同时确保疗效。几十年来，急性疾病或慢性病的治疗主要通过各种药物剂型向患者给药来完成。速释常规剂型不能在长时间内提供适当的药物血浆浓度。这导致了各种控释给药系统的发展。其中，渗透给药系统（ODDS）越来越受到重视，因为这些系统根据疾病的生理需要，在特定时间以特定的方式输送药物，从而提高了患者的治疗效果和依从性。它们基于渗透压原理来控制药物的输送。渗透给药系统具有多功能性和高度可预测的药物释放率，当经肠胃外给药时具有多种生物医学优势，例如减少剂量、靶向给药部位、避免胃肠道稳定性、药物分子的肝旁路和遵循零级动力学。渗透是一种贵族现象，因其在零级药物输送系统中的应用而引起了人们的关注。药物的释放在很大程度上独立于胃肠道的 pH 值和生理因素。优化半渗透膜特性和渗透压剂可以调节药物从系统中的释放。本文综述了药物输送的理论概念、历史、口服渗透药物输送系统的类型、影响药物输送系统的因素、该输送系统的优缺点、理论方面、应用和市场现状。
