Consciousness, Cognition, and Computation Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels CP191, Belgium.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2012 Jul;112(3):351-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.01.004. Epub 2012 Mar 29.
In this study, we addressed the question of the nature of the information needed by 13-month-old infants to understand another agent's intentions. In two experiments, an experimenter was either unable or unwilling to give a toy to an infant. Importantly, an implement (a gutter in which the toy could roll down toward the infant) was used to make the experimenter's behavior as similar as possible in the two conditions. When the experimenter remained still in both conditions, infants did not behave differently according to the experimenter's intentions, suggesting that they did not infer them. By contrast, in a second experiment, where the experimenter performed an action directed toward the gutter in both conditions, the infants looked away from the experimental setting more often and longer in the unwilling condition than in the unable condition. They also looked more toward the experimenter in the unable condition than in the unwilling condition. Therefore, we conclude that an agent's intentional attitude can already be inferred by a 13-month-old provided that this intention is concretely shown through a goal-directed action.
在这项研究中，我们探讨了 13 个月大的婴儿理解另一个主体意图所需信息的本质。在两个实验中，实验者要么无法、要么不愿意将玩具给婴儿。重要的是，使用了一种工具（一个排水沟，玩具可以滚向婴儿），以使实验者在两种条件下的行为尽可能相似。当实验者在两种条件下都保持静止时，婴儿并没有根据实验者的意图表现出不同的行为，这表明他们没有推断出这些意图。相比之下，在第二个实验中，实验者在两种条件下都对排水沟执行了一个动作，婴儿在不愿意的情况下比在无法的情况下更多地、更长时间地看向实验设置之外。他们在无法的情况下也比在不愿意的情况下更多地看向实验者。因此，我们得出结论，一个主体的意向态度可以被 13 个月大的婴儿推断出来，前提是这种意图通过一个目标导向的动作具体地表现出来。
