Loffing Florian, Wilkes Timo, Hagemann Norbert
Institute of Sports and Sports Science, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
Perception. 2011;40(12):1447-56. doi: 10.1068/p7035.
Reducing the representation of human actions from normal video to biological motion animation in perceptual tasks means removing a number of visual features from the scenery, thereby eliminating potentially useful information for successfully performing the task. To determine the impact of selected visual features on perceptual judgments in tennis, we invited skilled players and novices to predict baseline shot direction under four different display conditions (PL: point-light display; PL_TC: PL plus an animated tennis court; NV_NB: normal video without ball; NV: normal video). Skilled players clearly outperformed novices and prediction performance increased with more realistic display content. Both groups were similarly affected by display conditions and across groups significant differences between conditions were only found for PL vs NV, and PL_TC vs NV, respectively. Application of signal detection theory on response data revealed that, unlike novices, skilled players showed a bias towards preferentially expecting cross-court shots and this bias increased with enhancement in graphical detail. Results confirm previous research in that biological motion appears to provide the minimal essential information necessary for correctly predicting an opponent's intent, particularly in skilled players. In addition, findings indicate that a combination of player and scenery-related visual information is likely to facilitate visual anticipation; however, such information seems to impact skilled players' and novices' response behaviour differently.
在感知任务中，将人类动作从正常视频转换为生物运动动画，意味着要从场景中去除一些视觉特征，从而消除对成功完成任务可能有用的信息。为了确定选定视觉特征对网球感知判断的影响，我们邀请了熟练球员和新手在四种不同的显示条件下预测底线击球方向（PL：点光显示；PL_TC：PL加上动画网球场；NV_NB：无球的正常视频；NV：正常视频）。熟练球员的表现明显优于新手，并且随着显示内容更加逼真，预测性能有所提高。两组都同样受到显示条件的影响，并且在两组之间，仅分别在PL与NV以及PL_TC与NV之间发现了条件之间的显著差异。将信号检测理论应用于反应数据表明，与新手不同，熟练球员表现出优先预期斜线击球的偏向，并且这种偏向随着图形细节的增强而增加。结果证实了先前的研究，即生物运动似乎提供了正确预测对手意图所需的最少必要信息，尤其是在熟练球员中。此外，研究结果表明，球员和与场景相关的视觉信息的组合可能有助于视觉预期；然而，此类信息似乎对熟练球员和新手的反应行为产生不同的影响。
