水载铜纳米颗粒和硫酸铜对虹鳟鱼（Oncorhynchus mykiss）的影响：生理学和积累。
Effects of waterborne copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss): physiology and accumulation.
机构信息
School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
出版信息
Aquat Toxicol. 2012 Jul 15;116-117:90-101. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.032. Epub 2012 Mar 5.
Emerging data suggests that some types of nanoparticles (NPs) are toxic to fish, and given the well-known toxicity of dissolved metals, there are also concerns about whether metal-containing NPs present a similar or different hazard to metal salts. In this study, juvenile rainbow trout were exposed in triplicate to either a control, 20 or 100 μg l⁻¹ of either Cu as CuSO₄ or Cu-NPs (mean primary particle size, 87±27 nm) in a semi-static aqueous exposure regime. Fish were sampled at days 0, 4, and 10 for tissue trace elements, haematology, and biochemistry. By day 4, fish from the 100 μg l⁻¹ Cu as CuSO₄ treatment showed 85% mortality (treatment subsequently terminated) compared to 14% in the 100 μg l⁻¹ Cu-NP exposed fish. Mortality at day 10 was 4, 17, 10, and 19% in the control, 20 μg l⁻¹ Cu as CuSO₄, 20 and 100 μg l⁻¹ Cu-NP treatments, respectively. Copper accumulation was seen in the gills of fish from all Cu treatments, and was statistically significant in both CuSO₄ treatments at day 4 and all Cu treatments at day 10 compared to controls. No statistically significant Cu accumulation was seen in the spleen, brain or muscle of fish from any treatment, although an elevation in intestinal Cu was seen in the high Cu-NP treatment throughout. There were some transient changes in haematology and depletion of plasma Na⁺ that was treatment-related, with some differences between the nano form and metal salt, but Cu-NPs were not overtly haemolytic. A 6-fold decrease in branchial Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity in all Cu treatments (compared to controls), depletion of plasma and carcass ion concentrations suggest that Cu-NPs are an ionoregulatory toxicant to rainbow trout. Statistically significant decreases in Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity were also seen in the brains and intestine, and whilst there was no material-type effect in the former, this was only observed in the gut of fish exposed to 100 μg l⁻¹ Cu-NPs. There were material-dependent changes in tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and in the gill the Cu-NPs caused a larger (though non-significant compared to control) increase in TBARS than the equivalent metal salt treatment (the latter actually being significantly reduced compared to all other treatments). Overall, these data show that Cu-NPs have similar types of toxic effects to CuSO₄, which can occur at lower tissue Cu concentrations than expected for the dissolved metal.
新兴数据表明，某些类型的纳米颗粒（NPs）对鱼类具有毒性，并且鉴于溶解金属的众所周知的毒性，人们还担心含金属的 NPs 是否对金属盐具有相似或不同的危害。在这项研究中，幼虹鳟鱼在半静态水暴露条件下分别暴露于对照、20 或 100μg l⁻¹ 的 Cu 作为 CuSO₄ 或 Cu-NPs（平均初级粒径为 87±27nm）中，每组重复三次。在第 0、4 和 10 天对鱼类进行组织微量元素、血液学和生物化学采样。到第 4 天，100μg l⁻¹ Cu 作为 CuSO₄ 处理的鱼类死亡率为 85%（随后终止处理），而 100μg l⁻¹ Cu-NP 暴露鱼类的死亡率为 14%。在对照组、20μg l⁻¹ Cu 作为 CuSO₄ 处理组、20 和 100μg l⁻¹ Cu-NP 处理组中，第 10 天的死亡率分别为 4%、17%、10%和 19%。在所有 Cu 处理组的鱼类鳃中均观察到 Cu 积累，并且在第 4 天的所有 CuSO₄ 处理组和第 10 天的所有 Cu 处理组与对照组相比均具有统计学意义。尽管在高 Cu-NP 处理组中整个肠道中 Cu 升高，但在鱼类的脾脏、大脑或肌肉中未观察到统计学上显著的 Cu 积累。血液学和血浆 Na⁺耗竭存在一些与处理相关的短暂变化，纳米形式和金属盐之间存在一些差异，但 Cu-NPs 并未明显溶血。所有 Cu 处理组（与对照组相比）鳃 Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase 活性降低 6 倍，血浆和尸体离子浓度耗竭表明 Cu-NPs 是虹鳟鱼的离子调节毒物。Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase 活性在大脑和肠道中也明显降低，虽然在前一种情况下没有材料类型的影响，但仅在暴露于 100μg l⁻¹ Cu-NPs 的鱼类肠道中观察到这种情况。组织硫代巴比妥酸反应物质（TBARS）发生了与材料相关的变化，在鳃中，Cu-NPs 引起的 TBARS 增加（与对照相比虽然没有统计学意义）大于等效金属盐处理（后者实际上与所有其他处理相比显著降低）。总体而言，这些数据表明，Cu-NPs 对鱼类具有与 CuSO₄ 相似的毒性作用，其在组织 Cu 浓度低于预期的溶解金属时即可发生。
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