Albert B. Sabin Vaccine Institute, 2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Suite 7100, Washington, DC, USA.
Vaccine. 2011 Dec 30;29 Suppl 4:D30-5. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.001.
The smallpox eradication campaign operated in Ethiopia from 1970 until 1977. During this time Ethiopia had only 84 hospitals, 64 health centres and fewer than 400 physicians in a country of 25 million people. In 1970 smallpox vaccination was relatively unknown in the country, and the government actually contested the fact that smallpox was present in the country. Most of the resources of the Ministry of Health were used for malaria eradication. Initial pessimism from the Ministry of Health and others was eventually overcome as the smallpox eradication campaign continued to pick up steam but many remained unenthusiastic. Ethiopia was the first country in the world to start its smallpox eradication campaign from day one with the strategy of "Surveillance and Containment". Establishing a surveillance system in a country with a limited health infrastructure was a daunting challenge. At the end of the first year of the programme in 1971, 26,000 cases of smallpox had been registered through the growing surveillance system. Throughout revolution of 1974 the smallpox campaign was the only UN program to operate in the country; in fact it expanded with the hire of many locals leading to a "nationalized" program. This development ushered in the most successful final phase of the program. As the program progressed cases were diminishing in most regions, however transmission continued in the Ogaden desert. Over the course of the campaign approximately 14.3 million US dollars was spent. Working conditions were extremely challenging and a variety of chiefs, guerrillas, landowners and governments had to be appeased. The programme was successful due to the dedicated national and international staff on the ground and by having the full support of the WHO HQ in Geneva.
天花根除运动在埃塞俄比亚开展于 1970 年至 1977 年。在此期间，埃塞俄比亚在一个拥有 2500 万人口的国家中，仅有 84 家医院、64 个保健中心和不到 400 名医生。1970 年，天花疫苗接种在该国相对不为人知，政府实际上对该国存在天花的事实提出质疑。卫生部的大部分资源都用于疟疾根除。随着天花根除运动的继续推进，卫生部和其他部门最初的悲观情绪逐渐被克服，但仍有许多人不热心。埃塞俄比亚是世界上第一个从第一天开始就采用“监测和遏制”战略开展天花根除运动的国家。在一个卫生基础设施有限的国家建立监测系统是一个艰巨的挑战。在该计划的第一年即 1971 年底，通过不断发展的监测系统登记了 26000 例天花病例。在 1974 年的革命期间，天花运动是该国唯一运作的联合国计划；事实上，它随着许多当地人的雇佣而扩大，导致了“国有化”计划。这一发展迎来了该计划最成功的最后阶段。随着计划的推进，大多数地区的病例逐渐减少，但在欧加登沙漠仍有传播。在整个运动期间，大约花费了 1430 万美元。工作条件极具挑战性，需要安抚各种酋长、游击队、地主和政府。该计划之所以成功，是因为当地和国际工作人员的敬业精神，以及世界卫生组织日内瓦总部的全力支持。
