Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, P. O. Box 248203, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.
J Fish Biol. 2012 Apr;80(5):1727-48. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03235.x. Epub 2012 Mar 9.
Ecological risk assessments (ERAs) are employed to quantify and predict the vulnerability of a particular species, stock or population to a specific stressor, e.g. pollution, harvesting, climate change, by-catch. Data generated from ERAs are used to identify and prioritize species for implementation of effective conservation and management strategies. At this time, ERAs are of particular importance to elasmobranchs, given the ecological importance and documented global population declines of some elasmobranch species. Here, ERAs as a tool for elasmobranch conservation and management are reviewed and a theoretical roadmap provided for future studies. To achieve these goals, a brief history of ERAs and approaches used within them (in the context of elasmobranchs) are given, and a comprehensive review conducted of all ERA studies associated with elasmobranchs published between 1998 and 2011. The hazards assessed, species evaluated and methodological approaches taken are recorded. Chronological and geographical patterns suggest that this tool has grown in popularity as a commercial fishery management instrument, while also signalling a recent precautionary approach to elasmobranch management in commercial fisheries globally. The analysis demonstrates that the predominant parameters incorporated in previous ERAs are largely based on life-history characteristics, and sharks have received the majority of attention; batoids (including skates) have received less attention. Recreational fishing and habitat degradation are discussed as hazards which warrant future investigation through ERA. Lastly, suggestions are made for incorporating descriptive ecological data to aid in the continued development and evolution of this management tool as it applies to future elasmobranch conservation.
生态风险评估（ERAs）用于量化和预测特定物种、种群或群体对特定胁迫因素（如污染、捕捞、气候变化、兼捕）的脆弱性。从 ERAs 中生成的数据用于确定和优先考虑物种，以实施有效的保护和管理策略。此时，ERAs 对鲨鱼等软骨鱼类尤为重要，因为一些软骨鱼类物种具有生态重要性和记录的全球种群减少。在这里，我们回顾了 ERAs 作为鲨鱼保护和管理工具的应用，并为未来的研究提供了理论路线图。为了实现这些目标，简要介绍了 ERAs 的历史以及其中使用的方法（在软骨鱼类的背景下），并对 1998 年至 2011 年间发表的所有与软骨鱼类相关的 ERA 研究进行了全面回顾。记录了评估的危害、评估的物种和采用的方法。时间和地理模式表明，这种工具作为商业渔业管理工具的受欢迎程度有所增加，同时也表明了全球商业渔业中对鲨鱼管理的近期预防方法。分析表明，以前的 ERA 中纳入的主要参数主要基于生活史特征，而鲨鱼受到了大多数关注；鳐鱼（包括鳐鱼）受到的关注较少。讨论了休闲渔业和栖息地退化作为需要通过 ERA 进行未来调查的危害。最后，提出了一些建议，即将描述性生态数据纳入其中，以帮助该管理工具在未来鲨鱼保护中不断发展和演变。
