Grusky D B, DiPrete T A
Department of Sociology, Stanford University, California 94305.
Demography. 1990 Nov;27(4):617-37.
Using the 14 annual cross-sections from the General Social Survey, we specify a "basic model" of attainment and describe the year-by-year fluctuations in its parameters. The results are partially consistent with theories describing the gradual growth of universalistic patterns of stratification and mobility. Under a linear model of educational achievement, we find that the direct effects of race are weakening and the returns to class-based advantages are declining in tandem. The contours of the socioeconomic "gender gap" are also changing in important ways, with the male intercept declining at a rapid pace and the female term registering small and insignificant year-by-year gains. At the same time, the returns to experience and schooling are increasing for men, whereas the corresponding returns for women have remained stable over the 15-year period. This pattern of interaction effects implies that the size of the gender gap varies over time and across different population groups.
利用综合社会调查的14个年度横截面数据，我们设定了一个成就的“基本模型”，并描述了其参数的逐年波动情况。研究结果部分符合描述分层和流动普遍主义模式逐渐发展的理论。在教育成就的线性模型下，我们发现种族的直接影响在减弱，基于阶级优势的回报也在同步下降。社会经济“性别差距”的轮廓也在以重要方式发生变化，男性截距迅速下降，女性项逐年获得的增长微小且不显著。与此同时，男性的经验和受教育回报在增加，而女性在这15年期间的相应回报保持稳定。这种交互效应模式意味着性别差距的大小会随时间和不同人群而变化。
