Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road, No. 132, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan Province, PR China.
Fungal Genet Biol. 2012 Jun;49(6):455-69. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.03.006. Epub 2012 Apr 6.
The phylogenetic diversity of true morels (Morchella) in China was estimated by initially analyzing nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences from 361 specimens collected in 21 provinces during the 2003-2011 growing seasons, together with six collections obtained on loan from three Chinese herbaria. Based on the results of this preliminary screen, 40 Esculenta Clade (yellow morels) and 30 Elata Clade (black morels) were chosen to represent the full range of phylogenetic diversity sampled. To investigate their species limits, we generated DNA sequences from portions of three protein-coding genes (RPB1, RPB2 and EF-1α) and domains D1 and D2 of the nuclear large subunit (LSU) rDNA for all 70 collections. To fully assess evolutionary relationships, previously published multilocus DNA sequence data representing all known Morchella species was included in this study. Phylogenetic analyses employing maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood frameworks resolved 30 species in China compared with 22 in Europe and 19 within North America. Eleven novel phylogenetically distinct species were discovered in China, including two species within the Elata Clade and nine within the Esculenta Clade. Of the 30 species in China, 20 appear to be endemic, nine were also represented in Europe, and four putatively fire-adapted species have disjunct distributions in China, Europe and western North America. Although the diversification time estimates place the Esculenta Clade in China as early as the late Cretaceous and the Elata Clade by the early Oligocene, 27 of the 30 species evolved between the middle Miocene 12Mya and present.
中国真羊肚菌（Morchella）的系统发育多样性通过分析 2003-2011 年生长季节在 21 个省采集的 361 个标本的核核糖体内部转录间隔区（ITS）rDNA 序列初步估计，同时还分析了从三个中国标本馆借调的六个采集品。基于初步筛选的结果，选择了 40 个 Esculenta 进化枝（黄色羊肚菌）和 30 个 Elata 进化枝（黑色羊肚菌）来代表采样的全部系统发育多样性范围。为了研究它们的物种界限，我们从三个蛋白质编码基因（RPB1、RPB2 和 EF-1α）的部分和核大亚基（LSU）rDNA 的 D1 和 D2 区域生成了所有 70 个采集品的 DNA 序列。为了全面评估进化关系，本研究还包括了以前发表的代表所有已知 Morchella 物种的多基因座 DNA 序列数据。使用最大简约法和最大似然法框架的系统发育分析在中国确定了 30 个物种，而在欧洲和北美分别为 22 个和 19 个。在中国发现了 11 个新的系统发育上不同的物种，包括 Elata 进化枝内的两个物种和 Esculenta 进化枝内的九个物种。在中国的 30 个物种中，有 20 个似乎是特有种，9 个在欧洲也有代表，4 个可能适应火灾的物种在中国、欧洲和北美西部呈间断分布。尽管多样化时间估计表明，中国的 Esculenta 进化枝早在白垩纪晚期，Elata 进化枝在始新世早期就已经存在，但 30 个物种中的 27 个是从中新世中期 1200 万年前到现在进化而来的。
