Biocenter, Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
Syst Biol. 2012 Jul;61(4):609-29. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/sys003. Epub 2012 Apr 16.
The insect order Mantophasmatodea was described in 2002. Prior to that time, several generations of entomologists had assumed that all major insect taxa were known; thus, its description was a sensation for zoologists. Since then, a surprising abundance and species diversity of this taxon have been found, particularly in the winter rainfall region of South Africa. To learn more about the evolutionary lineages, speciation, and biogeography of Mantophasmatodea, we applied an unusual peptidomics approach. We collected specimens of almost all known and novel taxa of these insects, developed methods for immediate sample preparation in the field, introduced peptide mass fingerprints for the unambiguous identification of taxa, and subsequently analyzed the most extensive data set on peptide hormones ever compiled for insect taxa. To account for intraspecific variation, we analyzed several individuals per putative species. Increased taxon sampling was preferred over a further increase in the number of characters to optimize the accuracy of phylogenetic analyses. The large data set made it possible to test the validity of using neuropeptide sequences, which coevolve with their respective receptors, to analyze phylogenetic relationships among closely related taxa. Altogether, the data from 71 populations of Mantophasmatodea were sufficient to clearly separate the major clades of Mantophasmatodea, including previously undescribed taxa such as Pachyphasma, Striatophasma, and Austrophasmatidae gen. et sp. nov. "RV." The data confirm the monophyly of Austrophasmatidae and show a relatively recent and extensive radiation in the winter rainfall region of South Africa but also suggest that the species-level diversification of Namibian Mantophasma is less marked than previously thought. We discuss the biogeographical and ecological factors that may have resulted in different regional patterns of endemism and species diversity in Mantophasmatodea. The unique development of the neuroendocrine capa-neurons in the ventral nervous system is described as synapomorphy of Mantophasmatodea + Grylloblattodea and is a further argument for a close relationship between these insect taxa.
直翅目昆虫于 2002 年被描述。在此之前，几代昆虫学家一直认为所有主要的昆虫类群都已被发现；因此，它的描述对于动物学家来说是一个轰动。此后，人们在南非冬雨区发现了这种分类群的惊人丰富度和物种多样性。为了更多地了解 Mantophasmatodea 的进化谱系、物种形成和生物地理学，我们采用了一种不寻常的肽组学方法。我们收集了这些昆虫几乎所有已知和新的分类群的标本，开发了在野外进行即时样本准备的方法，引入了肽质量指纹图谱以明确识别分类群，并随后分析了有史以来为昆虫分类群编制的最广泛的肽激素数据集。为了说明种内变异，我们对每个假定的物种分析了几个个体。我们更喜欢增加分类群的采样，而不是进一步增加特征数量，以优化系统发育分析的准确性。这个大数据集使得可以测试使用与各自的受体共同进化的神经肽序列来分析密切相关的分类群之间的系统发育关系的有效性。总共，来自 71 个 Mantophasmatodea 种群的数据足以清楚地区分 Mantophasmatodea 的主要分支，包括以前未描述的分类群，如 Pachyphasma、Striatophasma 和 Austrophasmatidae gen. et sp. nov. "RV"。数据证实了 Austrophasmatidae 的单系性，并显示出南非冬雨区相对较新和广泛的辐射，但也表明纳米比亚 Mantophasma 的种级多样化程度不如以前认为的那么明显。我们讨论了可能导致 Mantophasmatodea 具有不同区域特有性和物种多样性的生物地理和生态因素。描述了腹神经系统中的神经内分泌 capa-神经元的独特发育作为 Mantophasmatodea + Grylloblattodea 的并系特征，这进一步证明了这些昆虫类群之间的密切关系。
