Abteilung Ethik und Geschichte der Medizin, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 36, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
Ann Anat. 2012 Jun;194(3):304-13. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2012.03.002. Epub 2012 Apr 19.
This report briefly summarises anatomical practice at Göttingen University from its founding in 1737 until the Nazi period and gives a detailed account of how Nazi death penalty legislation and execution practice at Wolfenbüttel prison influenced the decision-making of the anatomists in charge at that time. Problems in the procurement of corpses, encountered almost continuously throughout Europe since the broad introduction of dissection into medical training in the early 18th century, were absent in Göttingen during periods of overt progress in anatomical sciences, e.g. under Albrecht von Haller (in office 1736-1753) and Jacob Henle (1853-1885), and at times when existing regulations were rigorously enforced by the authorities (1814-1851). Ample availability of corpses in the wake of more than 600 executions in Wolfenbüttel between 1935 and 1945 was curtailed only by transportation fuel shortages and resulted in the dissection of more than 200 Nazi victim corpses in the Göttingen anatomy course. Apparently, neither individual offers of voluntary body donation (dating from 1932 to 1937 and published here as the earliest documents of this kind), nor the strong tradition of high-level anatomical research, nor even the awareness of the University's Age of Enlightenment origin, prevented the unethical use of corpses of Nazi victims for medical teaching. The Göttingen example may add "historical and moral detachment" under unusual political and wartime pressures to the "clinical and emotional detachment" thought to prevail amongst anatomy personnel (Hildebrandt, in this issue); together with the other reports it calls for all anatomists to bear in mind their ever present ethical obligations in respect to activities involving the use of corpses, both in medical schools and in the public domain.
本报告简要总结了格丁根大学从 1737 年成立到纳粹时期的解剖学实践，并详细描述了纳粹死刑立法和沃尔芬比特尔监狱的执行实践如何影响当时负责的解剖学家的决策。自 18 世纪初解剖学广泛应用于医学培训以来，在整个欧洲几乎不断出现尸体获取问题，但在解剖学科学明显进步的时期，如在 Albrecht von Haller（1736-1753 年在位）和 Jacob Henle（1853-1885 年）时期，以及在当局严格执行现有法规的时期（1814-1851 年），格丁根不存在这些问题。在 1935 年至 1945 年间，沃尔芬比特尔进行了 600 多次处决，随后尸体供应充足，但由于运输燃料短缺，格丁根解剖课程不得不对 200 多具纳粹受害者尸体进行解剖。显然，无论是个人自愿捐献尸体的提议（可追溯到 1932 年至 1937 年，并在此作为最早的此类文件公布），还是高水平解剖学研究的悠久传统，甚至是对大学启蒙时代起源的认识，都没有阻止将纳粹受害者的尸体用于医学教学的不道德行为。格丁根的例子可能在“临床和情感分离”之外，增加了“历史和道德分离”，因为在特殊的政治和战时压力下，人们认为这种“临床和情感分离”在解剖学人员中普遍存在（Hildebrandt，在本期中）；与其他报告一起，它呼吁所有解剖学家牢记他们在涉及使用尸体的活动中始终存在的道德义务，无论是在医学院还是在公共领域。
