Depressed mood and blood pressure: the moderating effect of situation-specific arousal levels.

Previous studies are inconclusive with regard to the relationship between variations in blood pressure (BP) and affect. In the present study we evaluated the hypothesis that inconsistencies in previous findings may be attributed to the moderating role of variations in psychological or physical conditions during BP measurement. Change in depressive symptoms was examined in 1046 individuals at two points in time, at inclusion into the study, when BP was measured repeatedly under higher (standing posture or anticipation of interview) and lower (supine posture or recovery after interview) arousal conditions, and at 4year follow-up. We observed that higher systolic BP levels measured under high arousal conditions and lower systolic BP levels measured under low arousal conditions at inclusion were both associated with a decrease in depressive mood across time in the study sample. The results suggest that higher or lower cardiovascular activity as indexed by systolic BP corresponds with higher or lower negative mood as a function of situation-specific arousal levels. This biobehavioural association between mood and BP might be related to the moderating effect of adaptive processes on physiological activity in different situations, which may in turn be associated with resilience to adversity.