Dekleva Marusha, van den Berg Lisette, Spruijt Berry M, Sterck Elisabeth H M
Behavioural Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Behav Processes. 2012 Jul;90(3):392-401. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.04.003. Epub 2012 Apr 28.
Future planning has previously been considered unique to humans. However, certain animals can foresee some of their future needs. We tested long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) ability to transport and after a delay use a rake, in two experiments. Firstly, six rake tool-trained macaques failed to select and after a delay, transport the rake. Secondly, five of the macaques were shaped on transporting the rake for immediate rewards. Now, all of the macaques transported and used the rake after a delay of 5 min; one was successful after 10 min and even on a few trials after 20 min. The macaques failed to plan in the first experiment, potentially because they were unable to foresee the appropriate sequence of behaviours to solve the task. After shaping, they displayed flexibility by successfully transporting tools after delays. Remarkably, several macaques generalized this behaviour by attempting to use non-provided objects or their tails. Our results show which information and experience macaques need in order to display tool transport for future use.
未来规划以前被认为是人类独有的能力。然而，某些动物能够预见它们未来的一些需求。我们在两项实验中测试了长尾猕猴（食蟹猴）运输耙子并在延迟一段时间后使用耙子的能力。首先，六只经过耙子工具训练的猕猴未能选择并在延迟一段时间后运输耙子。其次，对五只猕猴进行训练，使其为了即时奖励而运输耙子。现在，所有猕猴在延迟5分钟后都能运输并使用耙子；一只猕猴在延迟10分钟后成功做到，甚至在少数试验中在延迟20分钟后也能成功。在第一个实验中，猕猴未能做出规划，可能是因为它们无法预见解决任务所需的适当行为顺序。经过训练后，它们通过在延迟后成功运输工具展现出了灵活性。值得注意的是，几只猕猴通过尝试使用未提供的物体或它们的尾巴将这种行为进行了推广。我们的研究结果表明，猕猴为了展示用于未来使用的工具运输行为需要哪些信息和经验。
