Aquaporins, anti-aquaporin-4 autoantibodies and neuromyelitis optica.

The classification, distribution and functions of the different molecules of aquaporins (AQPs), including aquaporins, aquaglyceroporins and superaquaporins are reviewed together with their potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. We analyzed the pathogenic importance of anti-AQP4 autoantibodies in neuromyelitis optica and related syndromes, as well as their diagnostic and predictive potential, prognosis, and monitoring of the disease. Finally, the analytical methods and current recommendations for testing anti-AQP4 autoantibodies in clinical practice are described.