National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2012 Aug;33(2):267-76. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.013. Epub 2012 May 26.
Understanding pathogen recognition and mechanisms in Atlantic cod are of significant importance for both basic research on wild populations and health management in aquaculture. A microarray approach was utilized to search for effects of viral (polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid), bacterial (lipopolysaccharide) and polyclonal activator (phytohaemoagglutinin) stress in Atlantic cod head kidney cells. LPS cell activation increased mRNA expression of interleukin 8; interleukin-1β; cyclooxygenase 2; leukocyte derived chemotaxin 2; carboxyl-esterase 2 and environmental biomarker cytochrome P450 1A. Mitogen activated protein kinase p38 and cathepsin F were down regulated by LPS. The antiviral responses induced by double stranded RNA clearly increased transcription of Toll like receptor 3 and interferon stimulating gene 15. The phytohaemoagglutinin response seemed to be more non-specific. Special for the phytohaemoagglutinin induction was the increase in major histocompatibility complex class I. CC chemokine type 2 mRNA expression was increased by phytohaemoagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide and polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid, while mitogen activated protein kinase p38 and leukocyte derived chemotaxin 2 were down regulated by phytohaemoagglutinin. Oxidative stress related genes like catalase and glutaredoxin and the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 showed no transcriptional changes compared to control in any of the treatments. Eicosanoids like prostaglandin 2, leukotriene B4 and B5 were constitutively produced by cod head kidney cells in vitro. The most remarkable feature of eicosanoid secretion is the higher production of leukotrienes against prostaglandins, indicating that the lipooxygenase pathway is preferred over the cyclooxygenase pathway. Although there were no significant differences in eicosanoid secretion between the groups, polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid showed a clear tendency to increase the levels of leukotriene B4 and B5. This study reveals distinct signatures of bacteria and virus transcriptional responses in cod head kidney cells. In addition, the novel finding that cytochrome P450 1A was upregulated during the antibacterial response indicates a connection between immunity and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in Atlantic cod.
了解大西洋鳕鱼的病原体识别和机制对于野生种群的基础研究和水产养殖的健康管理都具有重要意义。本研究利用微阵列方法研究了病毒（聚肌胞苷酸）、细菌（脂多糖）和多克隆激活剂（植物血球凝集素）对大西洋鳕鱼头肾细胞的影响。LPS 细胞激活增加了白细胞介素 8、白细胞介素-1β、环氧化酶 2、白细胞衍生趋化因子 2、羧基酯酶 2 和环境生物标志物细胞色素 P4501A 的 mRNA 表达。LPS 下调了丝裂原激活蛋白激酶 p38 和组织蛋白酶 F。双链 RNA 诱导的抗病毒反应明显增加了 Toll 样受体 3 和干扰素刺激基因 15 的转录。植物血球凝集素的反应似乎更为非特异性。植物血球凝集素诱导的特殊之处在于主要组织相容性复合物 I 的增加。CC 趋化因子 2 的 mRNA 表达被植物血球凝集素、脂多糖和聚肌胞苷酸上调，而丝裂原激活蛋白激酶 p38 和白细胞衍生趋化因子 2 被植物血球凝集素下调。与对照组相比，在任何处理中，氧化应激相关基因如过氧化氢酶和谷氧还蛋白以及抗凋亡基因 Bcl-2 均未发生转录变化。前列腺素 2、白三烯 B4 和 B5 等类二十烷酸在鳕鱼头肾细胞中体外持续产生。类二十烷酸分泌的最显著特征是白三烯相对于前列腺素的产生增加，表明脂氧合酶途径优先于环氧化酶途径。尽管各组之间类二十烷酸的分泌没有显著差异，但聚肌胞苷酸显示出增加白三烯 B4 和 B5 水平的明显趋势。本研究揭示了大西洋鳕鱼头肾细胞中细菌和病毒转录反应的独特特征。此外，抗菌反应过程中细胞色素 P4501A 的上调表明，在大西洋鳕鱼中，免疫和芳烃受体激活之间存在联系。
