von Laue N, Schwappach D, Hochreutener M
Stiftung für Patientensicherheit, Zürich.
Ther Umsch. 2012 Jun;69(6):367-70. doi: 10.1024/0040-5930/a000300.
Medical errors do not only harm patients ("first victims"). Almost all health care professionals become a so-called "second victim" once in their career by being involved in a medical error. Studies show that error involvement can have a tremendous impact on health care workers leading to burnout, depression and professional crisis. Moreover persons involved in errors show a decline in job performance and jeopardize therefore patient safety. Blaming the person is one of the typical psychological reactions after an error happened as the attribution theory tells. The self-esteem gets stabilized if we can put blame on someone and pick out a scapegoat. But standing alone makes the emotional situation even worse. A vicious circle can evolve with tragic effect for the individual and negative implications for patient safety and the health care setting.
医疗差错不仅会伤害患者（“第一受害者”）。几乎所有医护人员在其职业生涯中都会有一次因卷入医疗差错而成为所谓的“第二受害者”。研究表明，卷入差错会对医护人员产生巨大影响，导致职业倦怠、抑郁和职业危机。此外，卷入差错的人员工作表现会下降，从而危及患者安全。正如归因理论所述，差错发生后，指责当事人是典型的心理反应之一。如果我们能指责某人并找出替罪羊，自尊就能得到稳定。但独自承担会使情绪状况更糟。恶性循环可能由此产生，对个人造成悲剧性影响，并对患者安全和医疗环境产生负面影响。
