Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Nurs Philos. 2012 Jul;13(3):179-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-769X.2012.00542.x.
In 1978, Carper identified 'four fundamental patterns of knowing' that became largely foundational to subsequent epistemological discourse within the nursing discipline. These patterns of empirical, personal, aesthetic, and ethical knowing were presented as conceptually distinct yet related patterns of knowing. In order to provide an alternative conceptualization of aesthetics in nursing, the main tenants of Carper's discussion of aesthetic knowing will be revisited, and the foundations for her arguments will be examined. Specifically, Dewey's Art as Experience will be examined in relation to the 'holism' of nursing, and an alternative position on pragmatic aesthetics in nursing will be offered. A preliminary reintegration of the four patterns of knowing will then be presented as will an example of a potential cultivation of aesthetics in nursing, through an example of Rodin's 19th century sculpture, the Burghers of Calais.
1978 年，卡珀确定了“四种基本的认知模式”，这些模式在护理学科内的后续认识论话语中基本上成为了基础。这些经验、个人、审美和伦理认知模式被认为是概念上不同但相关的认知模式。为了在护理中提供美学的替代概念化，将重新审视卡珀关于审美认知讨论的主要租户，并检查她论点的基础。具体来说，将根据护理的“整体论”来检查杜威的《作为经验的艺术》，并提供护理实用美学的替代立场。然后，将提出四种认知模式的初步重新整合，并通过罗丹 19 世纪的雕塑《加莱的市民》的例子，提供一个在护理中培养美学的潜在例子。
