Quintela L A, Barrio M, Peña A I, Becerra J J, Cainzos J, Herradón P G, Díaz C
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
Reprod Domest Anim. 2012 Jun;47 Suppl 3:34-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02032.x.
The significant decrease in fertility observed in dairy cattle during the last few decades and increasing requirements by the farmers have made a regular control of reproduction indispensable to urgently identify and solve potential problems affecting reproductive efficiency. Traditionally, the main diagnostic methods used for reproductive control in cattle included rectal palpation, inspection of vaginal discharge and vaginoscopy. Since the 1990 s, the use of ultrasound (US) has become a common diagnostic method as a result of the new advances made in the development of US scans: smaller size, high level of autonomy, high image quality and accessible prices. Ultrasound improves accuracy in the diagnoses of stages of the oestrous cycle, ovarian and uterine pathologies, and pregnancy diagnosis. In addition, it facilitates the diagnosis of alterations during pregnancy (embryo mortality, foetal malformations, etc.) and helps determining foetal sex from day 55 of pregnancy.
在过去几十年间，奶牛繁殖力显著下降，同时奶农的需求不断增加，这使得定期监测繁殖情况变得不可或缺，以便能及时发现并解决影响繁殖效率的潜在问题。传统上，牛繁殖控制的主要诊断方法包括直肠触诊、阴道分泌物检查和阴道镜检查。自20世纪90年代以来，由于超声扫描技术取得了新进展：体积更小、自主性更高、图像质量更好且价格亲民，超声检查已成为一种常用的诊断方法。超声提高了发情周期各阶段、卵巢和子宫病变以及妊娠诊断的准确性。此外，它有助于诊断孕期的异常情况（胚胎死亡、胎儿畸形等），并能在妊娠第55天起确定胎儿性别。
