Wolfensteller Uta, Ruge Hannes
Neuroimaging Center and Institute of General Psychology, Biopsychology, and Methods of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2012 Jun 11;3:192. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00192. eCollection 2012.
THE PRESENT REVIEW INTENDS TO PROVIDE A NEUROSCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE FLEXIBLE (HERE: almost instantaneous) adoption of novel goal-directed behaviors. The overarching goal is to sketch the emerging framework for examining instruction-based learning and how this can be related to more established research approaches to instrumental learning and goal-directed action. We particularly focus on the contribution of frontal and striatal brain regions drawing on studies in both, animals and humans, but with an emphasize put on human neuroimaging studies. In section one, we review and integrate a selection of previous studies that are suited to generally delineate the neural underpinnings of goal-directed action as opposed to more stimulus-based (i.e., habitual) action. Building on that the second section focuses more directly on the flexibility to rapidly implement novel behavioral rules as a hallmark of goal-directed action with a special emphasis on instructed rules. In essence, the current neuroscientific evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex and associative striatum are able to selectively and transiently code the currently relevant relationship between stimuli, actions, and the effects of these actions in both, instruction-based learning as well as in trial-and-error learning. The premotor cortex in turn seems to form more durable associations between stimuli and actions or stimuli, actions and effects (but not incentive values) thus representing the available action possibilities. Together, the central message of the present review is that instruction-based learning should be understood as a prime example of goal-directed action, necessitating a closer interlacing with basic mechanisms of goal-directed action on a more general level.
本综述旨在从神经科学角度探讨灵活（此处指几乎瞬间）采用新的目标导向行为。总体目标是勾勒出用于研究基于指令的学习的新兴框架，以及它如何与更成熟的工具性学习和目标导向行动的研究方法相关联。我们特别关注额叶和纹状体脑区的贡献，借鉴动物和人类的研究，但重点放在人类神经影像学研究上。在第一部分，我们回顾并整合了一系列先前的研究，这些研究适合于总体描绘目标导向行动的神经基础，以区别于更多基于刺激（即习惯性）的行动。在此基础上，第二部分更直接地关注迅速实施新行为规则的灵活性，这是目标导向行动的一个标志，特别强调指令性规则。本质上，当前的神经科学证据表明，前额叶皮层和联合纹状体能够在基于指令的学习以及试错学习中，选择性地、短暂地编码刺激、行动以及这些行动的效果之间当前相关的关系。运动前皮层则似乎在刺激与行动之间，或者刺激、行动与效果（但不是激励值）之间形成更持久的关联，从而代表了可用的行动可能性。总之，本综述的核心信息是，基于指令的学习应被理解为目标导向行动的一个主要例子，需要在更一般的层面上与目标导向行动的基本机制更紧密地交织在一起。
