Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, U.S.A.
Essays Biochem. 2012;52:135-45. doi: 10.1042/bse0520135.
PTMs (post-translational modifications) of lysine residues have proven to be major regulators of gene expression, protein-protein interactions, and protein processing and degradation. This is of particular importance in regulating the cytoskeleton, an enormously complex system of proteins responsible for cell motility, intracellular trafficking, and maintenance of cell form and structure. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells, including eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and comprises structures such as flagella, cilia and lamellipodia which play critical roles in intracellular transport and cellular division. Cytoskeletal regulation relies on numerous multi-component assemblies. In this chapter, we focus on the regulation of the cytoskeleton by means of PTMs of lysine residues on the cytoskeletal subunits and their accessory proteins. We specifically address the three main classes of cytoskeletal proteins in eukaryotes that polymerize into filaments, including microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments and microtubules. We discuss the identification and biological importance of lysine acetylation, a regulator of all three filament types. We also review additional lysine modifications, such as ubiquitination and SUMOylation, and their role in protein regulation and processing.
赖氨酸残基的 PTMs（翻译后修饰）已被证明是基因表达、蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用以及蛋白质加工和降解的主要调节剂。这在调节细胞骨架方面尤为重要，细胞骨架是一个由蛋白质组成的极其复杂的系统，负责细胞运动、细胞内运输以及维持细胞形态和结构。细胞骨架存在于所有细胞中，包括真核生物和原核生物，并且包含鞭毛、纤毛和片状伪足等结构，在细胞内运输和细胞分裂中起着关键作用。细胞骨架的调节依赖于许多多组分组装体。在本章中，我们专注于通过细胞骨架亚基和其辅助蛋白上赖氨酸残基的 PTMs 来调节细胞骨架。我们特别针对真核生物中聚合成纤维的三种主要类型的细胞骨架蛋白进行讨论，包括微丝（肌动蛋白纤维）、中间丝和微管。我们讨论了赖氨酸乙酰化的鉴定和生物学重要性，它是三种纤维类型的调节剂。我们还回顾了其他赖氨酸修饰，如泛素化和 SUMO 化，以及它们在蛋白质调节和加工中的作用。
