Hospital Materno-Infantil Presidente Vargas, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Chronobiol Int. 2012 Jul;29(6):786-93. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2012.679329.
Chronotype has long been associated with mental disorders and temperamental features. This study aims to investigate the association of circadian preference with a new model for emotional and affective temperament. In this Web survey, 6436 subjects (27.2% males) answered the Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS), the Circadian Energy Scale (CIRENS), and questions on subjective sleep parameters for a sleep-based chronotype measure. Temperament was more strongly correlated with daily energy score than with chronotype. For emotional dimensions, Volition, Coping, and Control positively correlated with high and stable daily energy, contrary to Sensitivity. Evening types showed a less adaptive emotional profile than morning and intermediate types, who showed a relatively similar emotional pattern. Focus and order (facets of Control), energy (facet of Volition), caution (facet of Inhibition), and problem facing (facet of Coping) were distinctive for the three circadian types, being particularly low in evening types and high in morning types. Differences between affective temperaments were more pronounced for morning and afternoon than for evening scores. Cyclothymic and euphoric temperaments, which relate to bipolar disorders, and apathetic, volatile, and disinhibited temperaments, which relate to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), showed the latest chronotype (i.e., evening preference). In conclusion, temperament was more associated with absolute energy levels than with chronotype. Evening types had less emotional control, coping, volition, and caution, and more affective instability and externalization. The circadian daily energy profile can be very informative about human temperament and vice versa, and their combined assessment may be useful in the evaluation of psychiatric patients.
昼夜时型长期以来一直与精神障碍和气质特征有关。本研究旨在探讨昼夜时型偏好与情绪和情感气质的新模型之间的关联。在这项网络调查中，6436 名受试者（27.2%为男性）回答了情感和情绪综合气质量表（AFECTS）、昼夜能量量表（CIRENS）以及基于睡眠的昼夜时型测量的主观睡眠参数问题。气质与日常能量评分的相关性强于昼夜时型。对于情绪维度，意志、应对和控制与高且稳定的日常能量呈正相关，而敏感性则相反。与早晨和中间型相比，夜间型表现出适应性较差的情绪特征，而早晨和中间型表现出相对相似的情绪模式。专注和秩序（控制的方面）、能量（意志的方面）、谨慎（抑制的方面）和面对问题（应对的方面）是三种昼夜时型的独特特征，在夜间型中特别低，而在早晨型中特别高。与早晨和下午得分相比，情绪气质的差异在夜间得分中更为明显。与双相障碍相关的环性和欣快气质，以及与注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）相关的冷漠、波动和脱抑制气质，表现出最晚的昼夜时型（即夜间偏好）。总之，气质与绝对能量水平的相关性强于昼夜时型。夜间型的情绪控制、应对、意志和谨慎能力较差，情感不稳定和外化程度较高。昼夜日常能量特征可以提供有关人类气质的非常有用的信息，反之亦然，对它们进行联合评估可能有助于评估精神病患者。
