Palmer Mitchell V, Thacker Tyler C, Waters W Ray, Gortázar Christian, Corner Leigh A L
Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
Vet Med Int. 2012;2012:236205. doi: 10.1155/2012/236205. Epub 2012 Jun 10.
Complex and dynamic interactions involving domestic animals, wildlife, and humans create environments favorable to the emergence of new diseases, or reemergence of diseases in new host species. Today, reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis in animals, and sometimes humans, exist in a range of countries and wild animal populations. Free-ranging populations of white-tailed deer in the US, brushtail possum in New Zealand, badger in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and wild boar in Spain exemplify established reservoirs of M. bovis. Establishment of these reservoirs is the result of factors such as spillover from livestock, translocation of wildlife, supplemental feeding of wildlife, and wildlife population densities beyond normal habitat carrying capacities. As many countries attempt to eradicate M. bovis from livestock, efforts are impeded by spillback from wildlife reservoirs. It will not be possible to eradicate this important zoonosis from livestock unless transmission between wildlife and domestic animals is halted. Such an endeavor will require a collaborative effort between agricultural, wildlife, environmental, and political interests.
涉及家畜、野生动物和人类的复杂动态相互作用创造了有利于新疾病出现或在新宿主物种中重新出现疾病的环境。如今，牛分枝杆菌（动物结核病的病原体，有时也是人类结核病的病原体）的宿主存在于一系列国家和野生动物种群中。美国的白尾鹿、新西兰的帚尾袋貂、爱尔兰共和国和英国的獾以及西班牙的野猪等自由放养种群都是已确定的牛分枝杆菌宿主。这些宿主的形成是由于家畜的溢出、野生动物的迁移、对野生动物的补充喂养以及超出正常栖息地承载能力的野生动物种群密度等因素造成的。由于许多国家试图在家畜中根除牛分枝杆菌，野生动物宿主的回溢阻碍了这些努力。除非野生动物和家畜之间的传播停止，否则不可能在家畜中根除这种重要的人畜共患病。这样的努力将需要农业、野生动物、环境和政治利益相关方的共同协作。
