Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP), NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Int Rev Neurobiol. 2012;102:147-71. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386986-9.00006-5.
Psychomotor stimulants such as methamphetamine (METH), amphetamine, and 3,4-metylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) are potent addictive drugs. While it is known that their abuse could result in adverse health complications, including neurotoxicity, both the environmental conditions and activity states associated with their intake could strongly enhance drug toxicity, often resulting in life-threatening health complications. In this review, we analyze results of animal experiments that suggest that even moderate increases in environmental temperatures and physiological activation, the conditions typical of human raves parties, dramatically potentiate brain hyperthermic effects of METH and MDMA. We demonstrate that METH also induces breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, acute glial activation, brain edema, and structural abnormalities of various subtypes of brain cells; these effects are also strongly enhanced when the drug is used at moderately warm environmental conditions. We consider the mechanisms underlying environmental modulation of acute drug neurotoxicity and focus on the role of brain temperature, a critical homeostatic parameter that could be affected by metabolism-enhancing drugs and environmental conditions and affect neural activity and functions.
精神兴奋剂，如甲基苯丙胺（METH）、苯丙胺和 3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺（MDMA 或摇头丸），是强效成瘾性药物。虽然已知它们的滥用会导致不良的健康并发症，包括神经毒性，但与摄入相关的环境条件和活动状态会强烈增强药物毒性，经常导致危及生命的健康并发症。在这篇综述中，我们分析了动物实验的结果，这些结果表明，即使环境温度和生理激活适度增加，这是人类狂欢派对的典型条件，也会极大地增强 METH 和 MDMA 的大脑发热效应。我们证明 METH 还会导致血脑屏障破裂、急性神经胶质细胞激活、脑水肿和各种亚型脑细胞的结构异常；当药物在适度温暖的环境条件下使用时，这些效应也会大大增强。我们考虑了环境调节急性药物神经毒性的机制，并重点关注了大脑温度的作用，大脑温度是一个关键的体内平衡参数，可能会受到代谢增强药物和环境条件的影响，并影响神经活动和功能。
