Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
Transfus Med Rev. 2013 Jan;27(1):50-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2012.05.003. Epub 2012 Jun 28.
Food and Drug Administration guidelines prohibit men who have sex with men (MSM) from donating blood to prevent the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS). Although the deferral criteria leave "sex" undefined, donor educational materials distributed before the health questionnaire often offer a definition. This study analyzes educational materials for their contribution to the donation process and construction of HIV/AIDS. It applies a discourse analysis approach to a sample (n = 52) of such materials obtained in summer 2009 from blood collection organizations listed in the AABB (now referred to as "Advancing Transfusion and Cellular Therapies Worldwide") Directory of Community Blood Centers and Hospital Blood Banks [AABB. Directory of Community Blood Centers and Hospital Blood Banks. Bethesda, MD: AABB; 2009]. It finds that when materials define sex, the definition is "vaginal, oral, or anal sex whether or not a condom or other protection was used," and when materials define HIV/AIDS risk behaviors, the definition is, with few exceptions, "sexual contact with an infected person or by sharing needles or syringes used for injecting drugs." Widespread use of these definitions demonstrates the influence of "Making Your Blood Donation Safe." Through analysis of this document and variations upon it, this research finds that the category MSM therefore provides one component of the construction of HIV/AIDS as the providence of MSM, together with heterosexual Africans and other risk populations, conflating group membership with individual risk. Deferring MSM therefore fails as a behavior-based deferral because it collapses multiple sexual behaviors with varying risks into a single risk category. It constructs all MSM as HIV positive and implicitly constructs non-MSM as risk-free.
食品和药物管理局的指导方针禁止男男性行为者（MSM）献血，以防止人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV/AIDS）的传播。尽管延期标准没有定义“性行为”，但在健康问卷之前分发的供者教育材料通常会提供定义。本研究分析了教育材料对献血过程和 HIV/AIDS 构建的贡献。它采用话语分析方法对 2009 年夏季从 AABB（现称为“推进全球输血和细胞治疗”）社区血液中心和医院血库名录中列出的血液采集组织获得的 52 份此类材料样本进行分析 [AABB。社区血液中心和医院血库名录。马里兰州贝塞斯达：AABB；2009 年]。研究发现，当材料定义性行为时，定义为“有无使用避孕套或其他保护措施的阴道、口腔或肛门性行为”，当材料定义 HIV/AIDS 风险行为时，定义为除少数例外情况外，“与感染者发生性接触或共用用于注射毒品的针或注射器”。这些定义的广泛使用表明了“使您的献血安全”的影响。通过对这份文件及其变体的分析，本研究发现，MSM 群体因此成为 HIV/AIDS 构建的一个组成部分，与异性恋非洲人和其他风险人群一起，将群体成员身份与个人风险混为一谈。因此，由于 MSM 群体的行为而延期不能作为一种有效的方法，因为它将具有不同风险的多种性行为归入单一的风险类别。它将所有 MSM 都构建为 HIV 阳性，并含蓄地将非 MSM 构建为无风险。
