Woodward J C, Kalyan-Masih V
University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583.
Adolescence. 1990 Winter;25(100):977-88.
Loneliness, coping, and cognitive styles of 52 gifted adolescents from rural Nebraska were investigated via Woodward Loneliness and Kalyan-Masih Coping Inventories and Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Test. Fifty-one percent of the adolescents had a mean loneliness score above 2.60, which is the third highest among the 16 Nebraska groups studied. They were most lonely when rejected, alienated, isolated, and not in control of a situation. Most frequently, their coping strategies were: engaging in individual pursuits, extending social contacts, using cognitive reframing, and keeping busy. Less frequently, their strategies were: engaging in religious activities, seeking adult help, and using negative escape routes. The gifted adolescents were divided into field independent (FI) and field dependent (FD) according to their cognitive style. Some differences were noted. The FI adolescents were more lonely in a crowd, but the FD adolescents were more lonely when not with others. The FI adolescents engaged in individual pursuits and cognitive reframing, and the FD adolescents resorted to religious and physical activities or professional help as coping strategies. The FI adolescents showed more autonomy and self-reliance, while the FD adolescents relied more on external sources of support when coping with loneliness. Implications for counseling in home and school are discussed.
通过伍德沃德孤独量表、卡利安 - 马西应对量表以及威特金团体镶嵌图形测验，对来自内布拉斯加州农村的52名有天赋的青少年的孤独感、应对方式和认知风格进行了调查。51%的青少年平均孤独得分高于2.60，这在研究的内布拉斯加州16个群体中排第三高。当被拒绝、疏远、孤立以及无法掌控局面时，他们最为孤独。他们最常采用的应对策略有：进行个人追求、拓展社交联系、运用认知重构以及让自己忙碌起来。较少采用的策略有：参与宗教活动、寻求成人帮助以及采用消极逃避方式。这些有天赋的青少年根据认知风格被分为场独立型（FI）和场依存型（FD）。研究发现了一些差异。场独立型青少年在人群中更孤独，而场依存型青少年不在他人身边时更孤独。场独立型青少年采用个人追求和认知重构的方式应对，场依存型青少年则诉诸宗教和体育活动或专业帮助作为应对策略。场独立型青少年表现出更多的自主性和自力更生，而场依存型青少年在应对孤独时更多地依赖外部支持来源。文中还讨论了对家庭和学校辅导工作的启示。
