Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
Evolution. 2012 Jul;66(7):2007-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01592.x. Epub 2012 Mar 3.
In the history of life, species have adapted to their consumers by evolving a wide variety of defenses. By contrast, animal species harvested in the wild by humans have not adapted structurally. Nonhuman predators have high failure rates at one or more stages of an attack, indicating that victim species have spatial refuges or phenotypic defenses that permit further functional improvement. A new compilation confirms that species in the wild cannot achieve immunity from human predation with structural defenses. The only remaining options are to become undesirable or to live in or escape to places where harvesting by people is curtailed. Escalation between prey defenses and predators' weapons may be restricted under human dominance to interactions involving those low-level predators that have benefited from human overexploitation of top consumers.
在生命史上，物种通过进化出各种各样的防御手段来适应它们的消费者。相比之下，在野外被人类猎捕的动物物种在结构上并没有适应。非人类捕食者在攻击的一个或多个阶段的失败率很高，这表明受害物种有空间避难所或表型防御，允许进一步的功能改善。一份新的汇编证实，在野外的物种无法通过结构防御来获得对人类捕食的免疫力。唯一剩下的选择是变得不可取，或者生活在或逃到人类捕捞活动受到限制的地方。在人类的主导下，猎物防御和捕食者武器之间的升级可能会受到限制，只涉及那些从人类过度开发顶级消费者中受益的低级捕食者。
