Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40345. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040345. Epub 2012 Jul 6.
Fishflies (Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) are one of the main groups of the basal holometabolous insect order Megaloptera, with ca. 130 species distributed worldwide. A number of genera from the Southern Hemisphere show remarkably disjunctive distributions and are considered to be the austral remnants or "living fossils" of Gondwana. Hitherto, the evolutionary history of fishflies remains largely unexplored due to limited fossil record and incomplete knowledge of phylogenetic relationships. Here we describe two significant fossil species of fishflies, namely Eochauliodes striolatus gen. et sp. nov. and Jurochauliodes ponomarenkoi Wang & Zhang, 2010 (original designation for fossil larvae only), from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. These fossils represent the earliest fishfly adults. Furthermore, we reconstruct the first phylogenetic hypothesis including all fossil and extant genera worldwide. Three main clades within Chauliodinae are recognized, i.e. the Dysmicohermes clade, the Protochauliodes clade, and the Archichauliodes clade. The phylogenetic and dispersal-vicariance (DIVA) analyses suggest Pangaean origin and global distribution of fishflies before the Middle Jurassic. The generic diversification of fishflies might have happened before the initial split of Pangaea, while some Gondwanan-originated clades were likely to be affected by the sequential breakup of Pangaea. The modern fauna of Asian fishflies were probably derived from their Gondwanan ancestor but not the direct descendents of the Mesozoic genera in Asia.
鱼蛉（Corydalidae：Chauliodinae）是全变态昆虫缨尾目（Megaloptera）的主要基干类群之一，全世界约有 130 种。南半球的一些属具有明显的隔离分布，被认为是冈瓦纳大陆的残余或“活化石”。迄今为止，由于化石记录有限和系统发育关系知识不完整，鱼蛉的进化历史在很大程度上仍未得到探索。本文描述了产自中国内蒙古中侏罗统的两种重要的鱼蛉化石，即 Eochauliodes striolatus 属新种和 Jurochauliodes ponomarenkoi Wang & Zhang, 2010（仅对化石幼虫进行了原始命名）。这些化石代表了最早的鱼蛉成虫。此外，我们构建了第一个包含全世界所有化石和现生物种的系统发育假说。在 Chualiodinae 中识别出三个主要的支系，即 Dysmicohermes 支系、Protochauliodes 支系和 Archichauliodes 支系。系统发育和扩散方差（DIVA）分析表明，鱼蛉起源于泛大陆，并在中侏罗世之前分布于全球。鱼蛉的属多样化可能发生在泛大陆分裂之前，而一些起源于冈瓦纳大陆的支系可能受到了泛大陆连续分裂的影响。亚洲鱼蛉的现代动物群可能是从它们的冈瓦纳祖先衍生而来的，而不是亚洲中生代属的直接后代。
