Department of Integrative Biology, The University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
Conserv Biol. 2012 Aug;26(4):586-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01854.x.
Some species have insufficient defenses against climate change, emerging infectious diseases, and non-native species because they have not been exposed to these factors over their evolutionary history, and this can decrease their likelihood of persistence. Captive breeding programs are sometimes used to reintroduce individuals back into the wild; however, successful captive breeding and reintroduction can be difficult because species or populations often cannot coexist with non-native pathogens and herbivores without artificial selection. In captive breeding programs, breeders can select for host defenses that prevent or reduce pathogen or herbivore burden (i.e., resistance) or traits that limit the effects of parasitism or herbivory on host fitness (i.e., tolerance). We propose that selection for host tolerance may enhance the success of reintroduction or translocation because tolerant hosts generally have neutral effects on introduced pathogens and herbivores. The release of resistant hosts would have detrimental effects on their natural enemies, promoting rapid evolution to circumvent the host resistance that may reduce the long-term probability of persistence of the reintroduced or translocated species. We examined 2 case studies, one on the pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]) and the other on the herbivorous cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) in the United States, where it is not native. In each case study, we provide recommendations for how captive breeders and managers could go about selecting for host tolerance. Selecting for tolerance may offer a promising tool to rescue hosts species from invasive natural enemies as well as new natural enemies associated with climate change-induced range shifts.
一些物种由于在进化过程中没有接触到这些因素，因此缺乏应对气候变化、新出现的传染病和非本地物种的防御能力，这降低了它们持续存在的可能性。有时会使用圈养繁殖计划将个体重新引入野外；然而，成功的圈养繁殖和再引入可能很困难，因为物种或种群通常无法在没有人工选择的情况下与非本地病原体和食草动物共存。在圈养繁殖计划中，饲养员可以选择宿主防御机制来预防或减少病原体或食草动物的负担（即抗性），或者选择限制寄生虫或食草动物对宿主适应性影响的特征（即耐受性）。我们提出，选择宿主耐受性可能会提高再引入或转移的成功率，因为耐受宿主通常对引入的病原体和食草动物没有中性影响。抗性宿主的释放会对其天敌产生不利影响，促进快速进化以规避宿主抗性，从而降低再引入或转移物种长期持续存在的可能性。我们研究了两个案例研究，一个是关于致病的两栖类真菌（Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]），另一个是关于美国非本地的食草仙人掌蛾（Cactoblastis cactorum）。在每个案例研究中，我们提供了关于圈养繁殖者和管理者如何选择宿主耐受性的建议。选择耐受性可能是一种有前途的工具，可以帮助宿主物种摆脱入侵的天敌以及与气候变化引起的范围转移相关的新天敌。
