Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Neumuensterallee 9, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2013 Jan;120(1):131-9. doi: 10.1007/s00702-012-0869-9. Epub 2012 Jul 26.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, with up to 5 % affected worldwide. Twin and family studies on ADHD show its high familiality with heritability estimated around 70 %, but, to date, no specific polymorphism or gene was found to be specifically affected. Psychostimulants (amphetamine, methylphenidate) and non-psychostimulants (atomoxetine) are used successfully in ADHD therapy, but many of their mechanisms of action and their adverse effects are not yet fully understood. Therefore, both genetic findings and therapeutic interventions should be further investigated. One easy platform for such studies is in vitro analyses, which encompass neuronal cell culture studies, transfections of genetic constructs, binding and electrophysiology analyses. In this review, different methods will be referred in particular to ADHD findings, and new techniques will be mentioned for future studies of drug or genetic effects in vitro.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是儿童和青少年中最常见的精神疾病之一，全球有多达 5%的儿童受到影响。ADHD 的双胞胎和家庭研究表明其具有高度的家族遗传性，遗传度估计在 70%左右，但迄今为止，尚未发现特定的多态性或基因受到影响。兴奋剂（安非他命、哌甲酯）和非兴奋剂（托莫西汀）成功地用于 ADHD 治疗，但它们的许多作用机制和不良反应尚未完全了解。因此，遗传发现和治疗干预都应该进一步研究。一个方便的研究平台是体外分析，包括神经元细胞培养研究、基因构建体的转染、结合和电生理学分析。在这篇综述中，将特别提到 ADHD 研究的不同方法，并提到新的技术，用于未来在体外研究药物或遗传对 ADHD 的影响。
