Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy.
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012 Aug;27(8):3037-42. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfs168.
Several studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity to reverse acute and chronic kidney injury in different experimental models by paracrine mechanisms. This paracrine action may be accounted for, at least in part, by microvesicles (MVs) released from mesenchymal stem cells, resulting in a horizontal transfer of mRNA, microRNA and proteins. MVs, released as exosomes from the endosomal compartment, or as shedding vesicles from the cell surface, are now recognized as being an integral component of the intercellular microenvironment. By acting as vehicles for information transfer, MVs play a pivotal role in cell-to-cell communication. This exchange of information between the injured cells and stem cells has the potential to be bi-directional. Thus, MVs may either transfer transcripts from injured cells to stem cells, resulting in reprogramming of their phenotype to acquire specific features of the tissue, or conversely, transcripts could be transferred from stem cells to injured cells, restraining tissue injury and inducing cell cycle re-entry of resident cells, leading to tissue self-repair. Upon administration with a therapeutic regimen, MVs mimic the effect of mesenchymal stem cells in various experimental models by inhibiting apoptosis and stimulating cell proliferation. In this review, we discuss whether MVs released from mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to be exploited in novel therapeutic approaches in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues, as an alternative to stem cell-based therapy.
已有多项研究表明，间充质干细胞通过旁分泌机制具有逆转不同实验模型中急性和慢性肾损伤的能力。这种旁分泌作用至少部分可以归因于间充质干细胞释放的微小囊泡 (MVs)，导致 mRNA、microRNA 和蛋白质的水平转移。微小囊泡从内体区室以胞外体的形式释放，或从细胞表面脱落小泡，现在被认为是细胞间微环境的一个组成部分。微小囊泡作为信息传递的载体，在细胞间通讯中发挥着关键作用。受损细胞和干细胞之间的这种信息交换具有双向性。因此，微小囊泡可以将转录本从受损细胞转移到干细胞，从而使其表型重新编程以获得组织的特定特征，或者相反，转录本可以从干细胞转移到受损细胞，抑制组织损伤并诱导驻留细胞的细胞周期重新进入，从而实现组织自我修复。在给予治疗方案后，微小囊泡通过抑制细胞凋亡和刺激细胞增殖，在各种实验模型中模拟间充质干细胞的作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了间充质干细胞释放的微小囊泡是否有可能被用于再生医学中的新型治疗方法，以修复受损组织，作为基于干细胞治疗的替代方法。
