Mammalian Development Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore.
Epigenetics. 2012 Sep;7(9):969-75. doi: 10.4161/epi.21337. Epub 2012 Aug 7.
Recent findings shed light on the coordination of two fundamental, yet mechanistically opposing, processes in the early mammalian embryo. During the oocyte-to-embryo transition and early preimplantation development nuclear reprogramming occurs. This resetting of the epigenome in maternal and paternal pronuclei to a ground state is the essential step ensuring totipotency in the zygote, the first embryonic stage. Radical, global DNA demethylation, which occurs actively in the paternal and passively in the maternal genome, is a prominent feature of nuclear reprogramming; yet, this process poses a danger to a subset of methylated sequences that must be preserved for their germline to soma inheritance. Genomic imprinting and its importance were demonstrated three decades ago by a series of experiments generating non-viable mammalian uniparental embryos. Indeed, imprinted loci, gene clusters with parent-of-origin specific gene expression patterns, must retain their differential methylation status acquired during gametogenesis throughout embryogenesis and in adult tissues. It is just recently that the molecular players that protect/maintain imprinting marks during reprogramming in preimplantation embryos have been identified, in particular, an epigenetic modifier complex formed by ZFP57 and TRIM28/KAP1. The interaction of these and other molecules with the newly formed embryonic chromatin and imprinted genes is discussed and highlighted herein.
最近的发现揭示了早期哺乳动物胚胎中两个基本但机制上相反的过程的协调。在卵母细胞到胚胎的转变和早期植入前发育过程中,核重编程发生。母源和父源原核中表观基因组重置为基础状态是确保合子全能性的必要步骤,合子是第一个胚胎阶段。激进的、全局的 DNA 去甲基化在父本和母本基因组中主动发生,是核重编程的一个显著特征;然而,这个过程对一些必须保留甲基化序列构成了危险,这些序列必须从生殖系到体遗传。基因组印记及其重要性在三十年前通过一系列产生非存活哺乳动物单亲胚胎的实验得到了证明。事实上,印记基因座,即具有亲本来源特异性基因表达模式的基因簇,必须在胚胎发生和成年组织中保留在配子发生过程中获得的差异甲基化状态。直到最近,才确定了在植入前胚胎重编程过程中保护/维持印记标记的分子参与者,特别是由 ZFP57 和 TRIM28/KAP1 形成的表观遗传修饰复合物。本文讨论并强调了这些和其他分子与新形成的胚胎染色质和印记基因的相互作用。