Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012 Aug;36(7):1646-66. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.014. Epub 2012 Feb 28.
Almost all studies on memory formation have implicitly put forward a rather static view on memory. However, memories are not stable but sensitive to changes over time. Here we argue that memory alterations arise from the inherent predictive function of memory. Within this framework, we draw an analogy between the lateral temporal-lateral prefrontal system that supports prediction based on simple stimulus-response associations and propose that a similar system centring on the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) exists for complex episodic memories. We consider the hippocampus to be elementary for regularity detection and the mPFC for regularity storage together with response options, which form the basis of abstract knowledge. As such, abstract knowledge can come to guide behaviour in novel situations that only share partial overlap with episodic experiences that have given rise to the formation of abstract knowledge. Furthermore, we suggest that systems consolidation and sleep contribute to the formation of abstract knowledge, and that abstract knowledge can function as pre-existing schemas to the encoding of novel memories. Finally, we discuss that reconsolidation supports the updating of memories to optimize prediction. We accentuate that memory formation requires dynamic interactions between brain regions, and that rapid formation of detailed memories depends on synaptic weight changes, whereas rather stable abstract knowledge is supported by cortico-cortical rewiring. Together, we attempt explaining that apparent memory alterations and distortions are adaptive.
几乎所有关于记忆形成的研究都隐含地提出了一种相当静态的记忆观。然而，记忆并不稳定，而是随着时间的推移而变化敏感。在这里，我们认为记忆的改变源于记忆的固有预测功能。在这个框架内，我们将支持基于简单刺激-反应联想的预测的外侧颞叶-外侧前额叶系统进行类比，并提出存在一个以海马体和内侧前额叶皮层（mPFC）为中心的类似系统，用于复杂的情景记忆。我们认为海马体是检测规则的基础，mPFC 是与反应选择一起存储规则的基础，这些规则构成了抽象知识的基础。因此，抽象知识可以指导新情境下的行为，而这些新情境仅与形成抽象知识的情景记忆有部分重叠。此外，我们提出系统巩固和睡眠有助于抽象知识的形成，并且抽象知识可以作为新记忆编码的预先存在的图式。最后，我们讨论了再巩固支持记忆的更新以优化预测。我们强调，记忆形成需要大脑区域之间的动态相互作用，而详细记忆的快速形成取决于突触权重的变化，而相对稳定的抽象知识则依赖于皮质-皮质重连。总的来说，我们试图解释明显的记忆改变和扭曲是适应性的。
