Murphey J P, Galbraith G G
Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-4820.
Psychol Rep. 1990 Dec;67(3 Pt 1):963-72. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1990.67.3.963.
To test effects of personal and universal helplessness on self-esteem, three groups of experimental subjects completed a self-esteem questionnaire, worked on unsolvable anagrams, completed a posttest self-esteem questionnaire, and estimated their success on an angle-matching task. Subjects in a 10% failure group were led to believe they failed all anagrams, while 9 other subjects succeeded. Subjects in a 50% failure condition were led to believe they failed all anagrams while 50% of the subjects succeeded. Subjects in a 100% failure condition believed they, and 9 other subjects, failed all anagrams. Control group subjects were not exposed to failure. A 2 x 4 (sex x condition) analysis of variance, with difference between pretest and posttest self-esteem scores as the dependent variable, showed a significant main effect for success/failure conditions and sex of subject, and a significant interaction. On the angle-matching task significant main effects for success/failure and sex were observed.
为了测试个人无助感和普遍无助感对自尊的影响，三组实验对象完成了一份自尊问卷，进行了无法解决的字谜游戏，完成了测试后的自尊问卷，并估计了他们在角度匹配任务上的成功率。10%失败组的受试者被引导相信他们所有的字谜游戏都失败了，而其他9名受试者成功了。50%失败组的受试者被引导相信他们所有的字谜游戏都失败了，而50%的受试者成功了。100%失败组的受试者相信他们和其他9名受试者所有的字谜游戏都失败了。对照组的受试者没有经历失败。以测试前和测试后自尊分数的差异为因变量进行的2×4（性别×条件）方差分析显示，成功/失败条件和受试者性别有显著的主效应，以及显著的交互作用。在角度匹配任务上，观察到成功/失败和性别有显著的主效应。
