Hofer D, Perrig W J
Institut für Psychologie, Universität Basel.
Z Exp Angew Psychol. 1990;37(4):580-93.
Two experiments demonstrate the influence of an unconscious form of information storage on behavior. In the learning phase, subjects see pictures in which other pictures or figures are embedded. The experimental procedure makes sure that these embedded figures cannot be seen (or consciously identified) by the subjects. Nevertheless, the results of a perceptual identification task in the test phase prove that information of these unidentified figures has been stored by the subjects: In a clarification task, subjects were shown the cut out, previously embedded figures and other pictures which they had to name as quickly as possible. The experimental group, which had seen the pictures with the embedded figures in the learning phase, was much quicker in responding to the naming task than the control group, which had not seen these pictures before. These results are discussed in terms of a distinction between sensori-perceptual and conceptual information storage in humans. Conceptual information is characterized as meaningful, symbolic, and accessible to conscious reasoning and remembering, while sensori-perceptual information is seen as nonsymbolic, modality-bound, and restricted to unconscious reactivations in data-driven process repetitions.
两项实验证明了一种无意识信息存储形式对行为的影响。在学习阶段,受试者观看嵌入了其他图片或图形的图片。实验程序确保受试者无法看到(或有意识地识别)这些嵌入的图形。然而,测试阶段的感知识别任务结果证明,这些未识别图形的信息已被受试者存储:在一项辨认任务中,向受试者展示裁剪出来的、先前嵌入的图形以及其他图片,他们必须尽快说出其名称。在学习阶段观看过带有嵌入图形图片的实验组,在应对命名任务时的反应比之前未看过这些图片的对照组要快得多。这些结果是根据人类感觉-感知信息存储和概念信息存储之间的区别来讨论的。概念信息的特征是有意义、具象征性,并且可通过有意识的推理和记忆获取,而感觉-感知信息则被视为非象征性、受模态限制,并且仅限于在数据驱动过程重复中的无意识激活。