Underwood Patricia C
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Annu Rev Nurs Res. 2011;29:281-302. doi: 10.1891/0739-6686.29.281.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an inherited, chronic disorder with long-term complications; including cardiovascular disease the leading cause of mortality in the United States. The prevalence of T2DM and its complications are on the rise in the United States, highlighting the need for improved individualized prevention and treatment strategies. Exciting advancements in the field of genomics has led to the recent discovery of numerous genetic markers for T2DM; completing a promising first step toward improved, individualized prevention and treatment strategies for T2DM. These genomic markers, identified using genome-wide association studies (GWAS), candidate gene, and rare variant methodology, identify new physiologic pathways underlying the development of T2DM. Much more work is needed to successfully translate the identification of genetic markers for T2DM into improved, individualized prevention and treatment strategies. As front line providers and leaders of prevention and treatment strategies for chronic disease, nurses, nurse practitioners, and nurse scientists must contribute to this translational effort. Thus, it is important for nurses at all levels to (a) be aware of the current science of genetics and T2DM and (b) participate in the translation of this genetic information into improved, personalized patient care. The aim of this review is to (a) provide an overview of the current state of the science of genetic markers and T2DM and (b) highlight essential next steps to successfully translate the identification of genetic markers for T2DM into improved prevention and treatment strategies; focusing particularly on the role of nursing in this process.
2型糖尿病（T2DM）是一种遗传性慢性疾病，会引发长期并发症，包括心血管疾病，而心血管疾病是美国的主要死因。在美国，T2DM及其并发症的患病率正在上升，这凸显了改进个性化预防和治疗策略的必要性。基因组学领域令人兴奋的进展导致最近发现了众多T2DM的遗传标记，这为改进T2DM的个性化预防和治疗策略迈出了充满希望的第一步。这些通过全基因组关联研究（GWAS）、候选基因和罕见变异方法鉴定出的基因组标记，确定了T2DM发病背后的新生理途径。要将T2DM遗传标记的鉴定成功转化为改进的个性化预防和治疗策略，还需要做更多工作。作为慢性病预防和治疗策略的一线提供者和领导者，护士、执业护士和护理科学家必须为这一转化工作做出贡献。因此，各级护士了解（a）遗传学和T2DM的当前科学知识并（b）参与将这些遗传信息转化为改进的个性化患者护理非常重要。本综述的目的是（a）概述遗传标记和T2DM的科学现状，以及（b）强调将T2DM遗传标记的鉴定成功转化为改进的预防和治疗策略的关键后续步骤，特别关注护理在这一过程中的作用。
