Department of Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
Phys Med Biol. 2012 Sep 7;57(17):5557-73. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/17/5557. Epub 2012 Aug 14.
Microwave radiometry is evaluated for renal thermometry tailored to detect the pediatric condition of vesicoureteral urine reflux (VUR) from the bladder through the ureter into the kidney. Prior to a potential reflux event, the urine is heated within the bladder by an external body contacting a hyperthermia applicator to generate a fluidic contrast temperature relative to normal body temperature. A single band, miniaturized radiometer (operating at 3.5 GHz) is connected to an electromagnetic-interference-shielded and suction-coupled elliptical antenna to receive thermal radiation from an ex vivo porcine phantom model. Brightness (radiometric) and fiberoptic temperature data are recorded for varying urine phantom reflux volumes (20-40 mL) and contrast temperatures ranging from 2 to 10 °C within the kidney phantom. The kidney phantom itself is located at 40 mm depth (skin-to-kidney center distance) and surrounded by the porcine phantom. Radiometric step responses to injection of urine simulant by a syringe are shown to be highly correlated with in situ kidney temperatures measured by fiberoptic probes. Statistically, the performance of the VUR detecting scheme is evaluated by error probabilities of making a wrong decision. Laboratory testing of the radiometric system supports the feasibility of passive non-invasive kidney thermometry for the detection of VUR classified within the two highest grades.
微波辐射计在肾测温中的应用评估，旨在通过输尿管从膀胱到肾脏检测小儿膀胱输尿管尿液反流（VUR）的情况。在潜在的反流事件之前，通过外部接触体加热膀胱内的尿液，以产生相对于正常体温的流体对比度温度。一个小型化的单频带辐射计（工作频率为 3.5GHz）与电磁干扰屏蔽和抽吸耦合的椭圆天线相连，从离体猪体模型接收热辐射。为了在肾体模中记录不同的尿液体模反流量（20-40 毫升）和对比温度（2-10°C），记录了亮度（辐射计）和光纤温度数据。肾体模本身位于 40 毫米深度（皮肤到肾中心的距离），并被猪体模包围。通过注射器注射尿液模拟物的辐射计阶跃响应与光纤探头测量的原位肾温高度相关。统计上，通过错误决策的错误概率来评估 VUR 检测方案的性能。辐射计系统的实验室测试支持被动非侵入性肾测温检测最高两个等级的 VUR 的可行性。
