Departamento de Clínica Médica, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2012 Aug 21;4(1):39. doi: 10.1186/1758-5996-4-39.
Individuals with diabetes who are smokers have higher risks of cardiovascular disease, premature death, and microvascular complications. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and to evaluate if the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety differ between the three groups studied (patients with T2D who smoke; patients with T2D who do not smoke; smokers without T2D), and finally determine if the degree of nicotine dependence is related to symptoms of anxiety and depression in smokers (with or without T2D).
Three study groups were formed: 46 T2D smokers (DS), 46 T2D non-smokers (D), and 46 smokers without diabetes (S), totaling 138 participants. Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale and Fagerström Test were applied.
The prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in smokers with T2D was 30.4% and 50%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the proportion of individuals with symptoms of anxiety (p = 0.072) or depression (p = 0.657) in the DS group compared to group D or S. Among male patients with T2D, the smokers had a higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms (19.6%) than non-smokers (4,3%) (p = 0,025). The prevalence of high nicotine dependence among smokers with and without T2D was 39.1% and 37.1%, respectively (p = 0.999). Fagerström scores showed no significant correlation with the scores obtained on the subscale of anxiety (p = 0,735) or depression (p = 0,364).
The prevalence of depression and anxiety among smokers with and without diabetes and non-smokers T2D is similar. Among male individuals with T2D, the smokers have more symptoms of anxiety than the non-smokers. There is no difference in the prevalence of nicotine dependence among smokers with and without diabetes. The presence of symptoms of anxiety or depression is similar between patients who are dependent and not dependent on nicotine.
患有糖尿病且吸烟的个体患心血管疾病、早逝和微血管并发症的风险更高。本研究旨在确定 2 型糖尿病（T2D）吸烟者出现抑郁和焦虑症状的患病率，并评估这三种研究组（T2D 吸烟患者、T2D 不吸烟患者、非糖尿病吸烟患者）之间是否存在抑郁和焦虑症状的患病率差异，最后确定尼古丁依赖程度是否与吸烟（有或无 T2D）者的焦虑和抑郁症状有关。
我们形成了三组研究对象：46 名 T2D 吸烟者（DS 组）、46 名 T2D 不吸烟者（D 组）和 46 名非糖尿病吸烟者（S 组），共计 138 名参与者。应用医院焦虑和抑郁量表（HAD）和 Fagerström 测试进行评估。
T2D 吸烟者中抑郁和焦虑症状的患病率分别为 30.4%和 50%。与 D 组或 S 组相比，DS 组中出现焦虑症状（p=0.072）或抑郁症状（p=0.657）的个体比例无显著差异。在男性 T2D 患者中，吸烟者的焦虑症状患病率（19.6%）高于不吸烟者（4.3%）（p=0.025）。有或无 T2D 的吸烟者中，高尼古丁依赖的患病率分别为 39.1%和 37.1%（p=0.999）。Fagerström 评分与焦虑量表亚量表得分之间无显著相关性（p=0.735）或抑郁量表亚量表得分之间无显著相关性（p=0.364）。
有或无糖尿病和非 T2D 不吸烟者中，吸烟者出现抑郁和焦虑的患病率相似。在男性 T2D 患者中，吸烟者的焦虑症状多于不吸烟者。有或无糖尿病的吸烟者中，尼古丁依赖的患病率无差异。依赖和不依赖尼古丁的患者中，焦虑或抑郁症状的出现情况相似。
