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钯(IV)体系 Pd(alkyl)(aryl)(alkynyl)(bidentate)(triflate) 的合成和计算研究,表现出 C-C 还原消除反应的选择性。

Synthetic and computational studies of the palladium(IV) system Pd(alkyl)(aryl)(alkynyl)(bidentate)(triflate) exhibiting selectivity in C-C reductive elimination.

机构信息

School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.

出版信息

Dalton Trans. 2012 Oct 14;41(38):11820-8. doi: 10.1039/c2dt31086d. Epub 2012 Aug 21.

DOI:10.1039/c2dt31086d
PMID:22907669
Abstract

Synthetic routes to methyl(aryl)alkynylpalladium(IV) motifs are presented, together with studies of selectivity in carbon-carbon coupling by reductive elimination from Pd(IV) centres. The iodonium reagents IPh(C≡CR)(OTf) (R = SiMe(3), Bu(t), OTf = O(3)SCF(3)) oxidise Pd(II)Me(p-Tol)(L(2)) (1-3) [L(2) = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (dmpe) (1), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) (2), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (3)] in acetone-d(6) or toluene-d(9) at -80 °C to form complexes Pd(IV)(OTf)Me(p-Tol)(C≡CR)(L(2)) [R = SiMe(3), L(2) = dmpe (4), bpy (5), phen (6); R = Bu(t), L(2) = dmpe (7), bpy (8), phen (9)] which reductively eliminate predominantly (>90%) p-Tol-C≡CR above ~-50 °C. NMR spectra show that isomeric mixtures are present for the Pd(IV) complexes: three for dmpe complexes (4, 7), and two for bpy and phen complexes (5, 6, 8, 9), with reversible reduction in the number of isomers to two occurring between -80 °C and -60 °C observed for the dmpe complex 4 in toluene-d(8). Kinetic data for reductive elimination from Pd(IV)(OTf)Me(p-Tol)(C≡CSiMe(3))(dmpe) (4) yield similar activation parameters in acetone-d(6) (66 ± 2 kJ mol(-1), ΔH(‡) 64 ± 2 kJ mol(-1), ΔS(‡)-67 ± 2 J K(-1) mol(-1)) and toluene-d(8) (E(a) 68 ± 3 kJ mol(-1), ΔH(‡) 66 ± 3 kJ mol(-1), ΔS(‡)-74 ± 3 J K(-1) mol(-1)). The reaction rate in acetone-d(6) is unaffected by addition of sodium triflate, indicative of reductive elimination without prior dissociation of triflate. DFT computational studies at the B97-D level show that the energy difference between the three isomers of 4 is small (12.6 kJ mol(-1)), and is similar to the energy difference encompassing the six potential transition state structures from these isomers leading to three feasible C-C coupling products (13.0 kJ mol(-1)). The calculations are supportive of reductive elimination occurring directly from two of the three NMR observed isomers of 4, involving lower activation energies to form p-TolC≡CSiMe(3) and earlier transition states than for other products, and involving coupling of carbon atoms with higher s character of σ-bonds (sp(2) for p-Tol, sp for C≡C-SiMe(3)) to form the product with the strongest C-C bond energy of the potential coupling products. Reductive elimination occurs predominantly from the isomer with Me(3)SiC≡C trans to OTf. Crystal structure analyses are presented for Pd(II)Me(p-Tol)(dmpe) (1), Pd(II)Me(p-Tol)(bpy) (2), and the acetonyl complex Pd(II)Me(CH(2)COMe)(bpy) (11).

摘要

合成了亚甲基(芳基)炔基钯(IV)配合物的路线,并研究了 Pd(IV)中心还原消除反应在碳-碳偶联中的选择性。碘鎓试剂 IPh(C≡CR)(OTf)(R = SiMe(3),Bu(t),OTf = O(3)SCF(3))在丙酮-d(6)或甲苯-d(9)中氧化 Pd(II)Me(p-Tol)(L(2))(1-3)[L(2)= 1,2-双(二甲基膦基)乙烷(dmpe)(1),2,2'-联吡啶(bpy)(2),1,10-菲咯啉(phen)(3)]在-80°C下形成配合物 Pd(IV)(OTf)Me(p-Tol)(C≡CR)(L(2))[R = SiMe(3),L(2)= dmpe(4),bpy(5),phen(6);R = Bu(t),L(2)= dmpe(7),bpy(8),phen(9)],在~-50°C以上,主要(>90%)p-Tol-C≡CR 通过还原消除。NMR 谱表明 Pd(IV)配合物存在异构混合物:dmpe 配合物(4、7)三种,bpy 和 phen 配合物(5、6、8、9)两种,在甲苯-d(8)中观察到 dmpe 配合物 4 的异构混合物数量在-80°C 至-60°C 之间可逆地减少到两种。Pd(IV)(OTf)Me(p-Tol)(C≡CSiMe(3))(dmpe)(4)还原消除的动力学数据在丙酮-d(6)(66±2 kJ mol(-1),ΔH(‡)64±2 kJ mol(-1),ΔS(‡)-67±2 J K(-1)mol(-1))和甲苯-d(8)(E(a)68±3 kJ mol(-1),ΔH(‡)66±3 kJ mol(-1),ΔS(‡)-74±3 J K(-1)mol(-1))中得到相似的活化参数。在丙酮-d(6)中的反应速率不受添加三氟甲磺酸钠的影响,表明还原消除没有先解离三氟甲磺酸。B97-D 水平的 DFT 计算研究表明,4 的三种异构体之间的能量差很小(12.6 kJ mol(-1)),与包含从这些异构体通向三种可行的 C-C 偶联产物的六个潜在过渡态结构的能量差相似(13.0 kJ mol(-1))。计算结果支持直接从 4 的三个 NMR 观察到的异构体中的两个发生还原消除,形成 p-TolC≡CSiMe(3)和较早的过渡态所需的活化能比其他产物低,并且涉及碳原子与更高 s 特征的σ键(p-Tol 为 sp(2),C≡C-SiMe(3)为 sp)形成潜在偶联产物中最强的 C-C 键能的产物。还原消除主要从 Me(3)SiC≡C 反式 OTf 的异构体中发生。给出了 Pd(II)Me(p-Tol)(dmpe)(1),Pd(II)Me(p-Tol)(bpy)(2)和乙酰丙酮配合物 Pd(II)Me(CH(2)COMe)(bpy)(11)的晶体结构分析。

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