网络孟乔森综合征：当前研究与未来方向。
Munchausen by internet: current research and future directions.
作者信息
Pulman Andy, Taylor Jacqui
机构信息
School of Health & Social Care, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom.
出版信息
J Med Internet Res. 2012 Aug 22;14(4):e115. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2011.
BACKGROUND
The Internet has revolutionized the health world, enabling self-diagnosis and online support to take place irrespective of time or location. Alongside the positive aspects for an individual's health from making use of the Internet, debate has intensified on how the increasing use of Web technology might have a negative impact on patients, caregivers, and practitioners. One such negative health-related behavior is Munchausen by Internet.
OBJECTIVE
Munchausen by Internet occurs when medically well individuals fake recognized illnesses in virtual environments, such as online support groups. This paper focuses on the aspect of Munchausen by Internet in which individuals actively seek to disrupt groups for their own satisfaction, which has not yet been associated with the wider phenomena of Internet trolls (users who post with the intention of annoying someone or disrupting an online environment).
METHODS
A wide-ranging review was conducted to investigate the causes and impacts of online identity deception and Munchausen by Internet drawing on academic research and case studies reported online and in the media.
RESULTS
The limited research relating to motivation, opportunity, detection, effects, and consequences of Munchausen by Internet is highlighted and it is formally linked to aspects of trolling. Case studies are used to illustrate the phenomenon. What is particularly worrying is the ease with which the deception can be carried out online, the difficulty in detection, and the damaging impact and potential danger to isolated victims.
CONCLUSIONS
We suggest ways to deal with Munchausen by Internet and provide advice for health group facilitators. We also propose that Munchausen by Internet and Munchausen by Internet trolling should be formally acknowledged in a revised version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM-5. This will assist in effectively identifying and minimizing the growth of this behavior as more people seek reassurance and support about their health in the online environment. We also suggest directions for future research.
背景
互联网给健康领域带来了变革，使自我诊断和在线支持得以不受时间和地点限制地进行。在利用互联网给个人健康带来积极影响的同时，关于网络技术使用的增加如何可能对患者、护理人员和从业者产生负面影响的争论也日益激烈。一种与健康相关的负面行为就是网络孟乔森综合征。
目的
当健康的个体在虚拟环境中，如在线支持小组中伪造公认的疾病时，就会出现网络孟乔森综合征。本文关注网络孟乔森综合征中个体为了自身满足而积极寻求扰乱群组的这一方面，这尚未与更广泛的网络喷子现象（那些发帖意图骚扰他人或扰乱在线环境的用户）联系起来。
方法
进行了广泛的综述，利用在线和媒体报道的学术研究及案例研究，调查网络身份欺骗和网络孟乔森综合征的原因及影响。
结果
强调了与网络孟乔森综合征的动机、机会、检测、影响和后果相关的有限研究，并将其正式与喷子行为联系起来。案例研究用于说明这一现象。特别令人担忧的是，这种欺骗在网上实施起来很容易，难以检测，且对孤立的受害者有破坏性影响和潜在危险。
结论
我们提出了应对网络孟乔森综合征的方法，并为健康群组的主持人提供了建议。我们还提议在《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第五版（DSM - 5）的修订版中正式承认网络孟乔森综合征和网络孟乔森综合征式喷子行为。随着越来越多的人在在线环境中寻求健康方面的安心和支持，这将有助于有效识别并尽量减少这种行为的增长。我们还提出了未来研究的方向。
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