Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:741468. doi: 10.1155/2012/741468. Epub 2012 Aug 13.
Nutrition has important long-term consequences for health that are not only limited to the individual but can be passed on to the next generation. It can contribute to the development and progression of chronic diseases thus effecting life span. Caloric restriction (CR) can extend the average and maximum life span and delay the onset of age-associated changes in many organisms. CR elicits coordinated and adaptive stress responses at the cellular and whole-organism level by modulating epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications), signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and aging (e.g., TOR, AMPK, p53, and FOXO), and cell-to-cell signaling molecules (e.g., adiponectin). The overall effect of these adaptive stress responses is an increased resistance to subsequent stress, thus delaying age-related changes and promoting longevity. In human, CR could delay many diseases associated with aging including cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. As an alternative to CR, several CR mimetics have been tested on animals and humans. At present, the most promising alternatives to the use of CR in humans seem to be exercise, alone or in combination with reduced calorie intake, and the use of plant-derived polyphenol resveratrol as a food supplement.
营养对健康有重要的长期影响，不仅限于个体，还可以传递给下一代。它可以促进慢性疾病的发展和进展，从而影响寿命。热量限制（CR）可以延长平均寿命和最大寿命，并延缓许多生物体与年龄相关的变化的发生。CR 通过调节表观遗传机制（例如 DNA 甲基化、翻译后组蛋白修饰）、调节细胞生长和衰老的信号通路（例如 TOR、AMPK、p53 和 FOXO）以及细胞间信号分子（例如脂联素），在细胞和整个生物体水平上引发协调和适应性应激反应。这些适应性应激反应的总体效果是增加对后续应激的抵抗力，从而延缓与年龄相关的变化并促进长寿。在人类中，CR 可以延缓许多与衰老相关的疾病，包括癌症、糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、心血管疾病和神经退行性疾病。作为 CR 的替代方法，已经在动物和人类中测试了几种 CR 类似物。目前，在人类中使用 CR 的最有前途的替代方法似乎是运动，单独或与减少热量摄入相结合，以及使用植物来源的多酚白藜芦醇作为膳食补充剂。
