Novak Mario, Slaus Mario
Department of Archaeology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia.
Anthropol Anz. 2012 Jul;69(3):335-50. doi: 10.1127/0003-5548/2012/0181.
The aim of this paper is to test the hypothesis of an increased level of interpersonal violence in Dugopolje during the late medieval period as testified by written sources. In order to accomplish this, an analysis and comparison of frequencies and patterning of long bone and craniofacial fractures between sex and age categories in the Dugopolje skeletal sample was performed. In total 209 excellently preserved adult skeletons were analysed: 111 males and 98 females. The total long bone fracture frequency is 1.5% (29/1910) with a significantly higher frequency in males compared to females. Most of the long bone injuries occurred as a result of accidents, probably due to rugged mountainous terrain, while a certain portion of trauma resulted from deliberate violence. Significantly higher fracture frequencies in males could be a result of a strict sexual division of labour where males performed more physically demanding and risky tasks, as witnessed by historical sources. 26 out of 119 complete adult crania (21.8%) exhibit skeletal trauma with significantly higher frequencies in males. Perimortem trauma was observed in one individual while antemortem healed sharp force lesions were registered in five individuals (all males). The predominance of frontal craniofacial injuries, as well as the presence ofperimortem trauma and sharp force lesions, suggests the presence of deliberate violence in this community. Although the indicators of deliberate violence were recorded predominantly in males, suggesting that intentional violence in Dugopolje was exclusively males' prerogative, the presence of nasal fracture in a female skeleton might point to a male towards female violence. Presented bioarchaeological data are in accordance with the written documents thus corroborating the claims of an increased level of deliberate interpersonal violence in the late medieval population from Dugopolje.
本文旨在检验一个假设，即书面资料证明，中世纪晚期杜戈波列的人际暴力水平有所上升。为实现这一目标，对杜戈波列骨骼样本中不同性别和年龄组的长骨及颅面骨折频率和模式进行了分析和比较。总共分析了209具保存完好的成人骨骼：111具男性骨骼和98具女性骨骼。长骨骨折总频率为1.5%（29/1910），男性骨折频率显著高于女性。大多数长骨损伤是由事故造成的，可能是由于崎岖的山地地形，而一部分创伤是由蓄意暴力导致的。男性骨折频率显著较高可能是由于严格的性别分工，男性从事体力要求更高、风险更大的任务，历史资料也证明了这一点。119具完整成人颅骨中有26具（21.8%）显示出骨骼创伤，男性频率显著更高。在一名个体中观察到濒死期创伤，在五名个体（均为男性）中记录到生前愈合的锐器损伤。额部颅面损伤占主导，以及濒死期创伤和锐器损伤的存在，表明该社区存在蓄意暴力。尽管蓄意暴力指标主要记录在男性身上，这表明杜戈波列的蓄意暴力是男性的特权，但一具女性骨骼中鼻骨骨折的存在可能表明存在男性对女性的暴力。所呈现的生物考古数据与书面文件一致，从而证实了关于中世纪晚期杜戈波列人口蓄意人际暴力水平上升的说法。
