Anthropology Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010 Aug;142(4):636-49. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21291.
Conquest of indigenous peoples in North America is understood primarily through ethnohistorical documents, archaeological evidence, and osteological analyses. However, in the Central Andes, the colonial enterprise and its effects are understood only from postcontact historical and ethnohistorical sources. Few archaeological and bioarchaeological studies have investigated Spanish Conquest and colonialism in the Andean region [for exceptions see Klaus and Tam: Am J Phys Anthropol 138 (2009) 356-368; Wernke, in press; and Quilter, in press]. Here we describe bioarchaeological evidence of violence from the cemeteries of Huaquerones and 57AS03 within the archaeological zone of Puruchuco-Huaquerones, Peru (circa A.D. 1470-1540). A total of 258 individuals greater than 15 years of age were analyzed for evidence of traumatic injuries. Individuals were examined macroscopically and evidence of traumatic injuries was analyzed according to the skeletal element involved, the location of the injury on the skeletal element, and any additional complications of the injury. This study examines and compares the evidence of perimortem injuries on skeletonized individuals from the two cemeteries and focuses specifically on the interpretation of weapon-related perimortem injuries. Evidence of perimortem trauma is present in both cemeteries (18.6%, 48/258); however, the frequency of injuries in 57AS03 is greater than that in Huaquerones (25.0% vs. 13.0%). Several injuries from 57AS03 are consistent with documented cases of injuries from firearms and 16th Century European weapons. We believe that the nature and high frequency of perimortem trauma at 57AS03 provide evidence of the violence that occurred with Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire.
征服北美原住民主要是通过民族历史文献、考古证据和骨骼分析来了解的。然而，在安第斯中部，殖民企业及其影响只能从接触后的历史和民族历史资料中了解。很少有考古学和生物考古学研究调查过西班牙征服和殖民在安第斯地区的情况[例外情况请见 Klaus 和 Tam：Am J Phys Anthropol 138 (2009) 356-368；Wernke，即将出版；和 Quilter，即将出版]。在这里，我们描述了来自秘鲁普鲁楚科-华克龙斯考古区华克龙内斯和 57AS03 墓地的骨骼证据，这些证据表明存在暴力行为（公元 1470-1540 年左右）。对 258 名年龄大于 15 岁的个体进行了分析，以寻找创伤性损伤的证据。对个体进行了宏观检查，并根据骨骼元素、骨骼元素上损伤的位置以及损伤的任何其他并发症，分析了创伤性损伤的证据。这项研究检查和比较了来自两个墓地的骨骼个体的濒死期损伤证据，并特别关注与武器相关的濒死期损伤的解释。两个墓地都存在濒死期创伤的证据（18.6%，48/258）；然而，57AS03 的损伤频率高于华克龙内斯（25.0%比 13.0%）。57AS03 的一些损伤与记录在案的火器和 16 世纪欧洲武器的损伤情况一致。我们认为，57AS03 濒死期创伤的性质和高频率提供了西班牙征服印加帝国时发生暴力事件的证据。
