Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Annu Rev Entomol. 2013;58:57-78. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153633. Epub 2012 Aug 28.
Our understanding of bee phylogeny has improved over the past fifteen years as a result of new data, primarily nucleotide sequence data, and new methods, primarily model-based methods of phylogeny reconstruction. Phylogenetic studies based on single or, more commonly, multilocus data sets have helped resolve the placement of bees within the superfamily Apoidea; the relationships among the seven families of bees; and the relationships among bee subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species. In addition, molecular phylogenies have played an important role in inferring evolutionary patterns and processes in bees. Phylogenies have provided the comparative framework for understanding the evolution of host-plant associations and pollen specialization, the evolution of social behavior, and the evolution of parasitism. In this paper, we present an overview of significant discoveries in bee phylogeny based primarily on the application of molecular data. We review the phylogenetic hypotheses family-by-family and then describe how the new phylogenetic insights have altered our understanding of bee biology.
在过去的十五年中，由于新的数据（主要是核苷酸序列数据）和新的方法（主要是基于模型的系统发育重建方法），我们对蜜蜂系统发育的理解得到了提高。基于单个或更常见的多个数据集的系统发育研究有助于解决蜜蜂在 Apoidea 超科中的位置问题；蜜蜂的七个科之间的关系；以及蜜蜂亚科、族、属和种之间的关系。此外，分子系统发育在推断蜜蜂中的进化模式和过程方面发挥了重要作用。系统发育为理解寄主植物关系和花粉特化、社会行为的进化以及寄生的进化提供了比较框架。在本文中，我们主要基于分子数据的应用，介绍了蜜蜂系统发育方面的一些重要发现。我们按科逐一审查系统发育假设，然后描述新的系统发育见解如何改变我们对蜜蜂生物学的理解。
