Johnson Brian R, Borowiec Marek L, Chiu Joanna C, Lee Ernest K, Atallah Joel, Ward Philip S
Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Curr Biol. 2013 Oct 21;23(20):2058-62. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050. Epub 2013 Oct 3.
Eusocial behavior has arisen in few animal groups, most notably in the aculeate Hymenoptera, a clade comprising ants, bees, and stinging wasps [1-4]. Phylogeny is crucial to understanding the evolution of the salient features of these insects, including eusociality [5]. Yet the phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of aculeate Hymenoptera remain contentious [6-12]. We address this problem here by generating and analyzing genomic data for a representative series of taxa. We obtain a single well-resolved and strongly supported tree, robust to multiple methods of phylogenetic inference. Apoidea (spheciform wasps and bees) and ants are sister groups, a novel finding that contradicts earlier views that ants are closer to ectoparasitoid wasps. Vespid wasps (paper wasps, yellow jackets, and relatives) are sister to all other aculeates except chrysidoids. Thus, all eusocial species of Hymenoptera are contained within two major groups, characterized by transport of larval provisions and nest construction, likely prerequisites for the evolution of eusociality. These two lineages are interpolated among three other clades of wasps whose species are predominantly ectoparasitoids on concealed hosts, the inferred ancestral condition for aculeates [2]. This phylogeny provides a new framework for exploring the evolution of nesting, feeding, and social behavior within the stinging Hymenoptera.
群居行为只在少数动物群体中出现，最显著的是针尾部膜翅目昆虫，这一进化枝包括蚂蚁、蜜蜂和有刺黄蜂[1 - 4]。系统发育对于理解这些昆虫显著特征的进化至关重要，包括群居性[5]。然而，针尾部膜翅目主要谱系之间的系统发育关系仍存在争议[6 - 12]。我们通过生成和分析一系列代表性分类单元的基因组数据来解决这个问题。我们得到了一棵单一的、解析良好且得到有力支持的树，对多种系统发育推断方法都具有稳健性。细腰亚目（胡蜂状黄蜂和蜜蜂）和蚂蚁是姐妹群，这一新颖的发现与早期认为蚂蚁与体外寄生黄蜂关系更近的观点相矛盾。胡蜂（纸巢黄蜂、黄夹克黄蜂及相关种类）是除金小蜂科之外所有其他针尾部昆虫的姐妹群。因此，膜翅目的所有群居物种都包含在两个主要类群中，其特征是幼虫食物的运输和巢穴建造，这可能是群居性进化的先决条件。这两个谱系插在其他三个黄蜂进化枝之间，这些黄蜂物种主要是隐藏宿主上的体外寄生虫，这是针尾部昆虫推测的祖先状态[2]。这个系统发育为探索有刺膜翅目昆虫的筑巢、觅食和社会行为的进化提供了一个新的框架。
