Department of Psychology, Conant Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2012 Dec;103(6):982-1006. doi: 10.1037/a0030064. Epub 2012 Sep 17.
This research compared the experiences and consequences of hurt feelings and anger in 3 retrospective studies (Studies 1a, 1b, and 2), a dyadic daily diary study (Study 3), and a dyadic behavioral observation study (Study 4). Although victims felt both hurt and angry in response to perpetrators' behaviors that signaled relational devaluation (Studies 1-4), hurt and anger differed in terms of victims' subjective experiences and behaviors, perpetrators' responses, and relationship consequences. Hurt was characterized by the experience of commitment, dependence, and vulnerability; goals to restore the perpetrator's acceptance; and constructive behavior. Moreover, victims' hurt was associated with perpetrators evaluating victims and victims' commitment more positively, with perpetrators' feelings of guilt and empathy and with perpetrators' constructive responses. Hurt also had positive consequences for relationships. In contrast, victims' anger was generally independent of commitment and characterized by the experience of control, invulnerability, and low dependence; goals to change perpetrators' behavior; and victims' destructive behavior. Furthermore, victims' anger was associated with perpetrators perceiving victims to be less committed and elicited reciprocated anger and destructive behaviors from perpetrators. These findings suggest that despite relational devaluation being a cause of both hurt and anger, these feelings have distinct social functions. Hurt reflects a desire to maintain interpersonal connection and repair relationships, which will often successfully elicit repair attempts by perpetrators, whereas anger reflects a desire to control others via antagonistic destructive behaviors, which exacerbate interpersonal difficulties.
本研究通过四项研究（研究 1a、1b 和 2 回顾性研究，研究 3 双体每日日记研究，研究 4 双体行为观察研究）比较了伤害感情和愤怒的经历和后果。尽管受害者对表示关系贬值的施害者行为感到既受伤又愤怒（研究 1-4），但伤害和愤怒在受害者的主观经历和行为、施害者的反应以及关系后果方面存在差异。伤害的特点是有承诺、依赖和脆弱的体验；目标是恢复施害者的接受；以及建设性的行为。此外，受害者的伤害与施害者更积极地评价受害者和受害者的承诺、施害者的内疚和同理心以及施害者的建设性反应有关。伤害也对关系有积极的影响。相比之下，受害者的愤怒通常与承诺无关，其特点是控制、不受伤害和依赖程度低的体验；目标是改变施害者的行为；以及受害者的破坏性行为。此外，受害者的愤怒与施害者认为受害者承诺程度较低有关，并引起施害者的愤怒和破坏性行为的相互回应。这些发现表明，尽管关系贬值是伤害和愤怒的共同原因，但这些情绪具有不同的社会功能。伤害反映了维持人际联系和修复关系的愿望，这通常会成功地引起施害者的修复尝试，而愤怒反映了通过对抗性的破坏行为控制他人的愿望，这会加剧人际困难。
