Jaman M Firoj, Huffman Michael A
Department of Ecology and Social Behavior, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
Primates. 2013 Jan;54(1):49-59. doi: 10.1007/s10329-012-0330-6. Epub 2012 Sep 18.
Macaques are characterized by their wide distribution and ability to adapt to a variety of habitats. Activity budgets are affected by habitat type, season, and food availability in relation to differing age-sex class and individual requirements. We conducted a comparative study on two commensal rhesus groups, one living in a rural village and the other in the center of urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was conducted in three different seasons between 2007 and 2009 in order to evaluate how habitat type and season affects their behavioral activities. Differences in food type and its availability between these two habitats were mainly responsible for the variations in activity budgets between groups. Feeding time in the rural group was significantly longer than that in the urban group. In contrast, grooming and object manipulation/play were significantly greater in the urban than the rural group. Seasonal variations in all major behaviors were significantly affected by group, with more time spent feeding in summer than in winter/dry season, and more time spent grooming and moving in winter/dry season than summer in the rural group. In contrast, time spent resting was greater in the monsoon and summer seasons than the winter/dry season in the urban group. Grooming time was greater in the winter/dry season than the monsoon and summer seasons. In both groups, immature of both sexes spent significantly more time on feeding and object manipulation/playing and less time resting than adults. Adult females spent more time grooming than males and immatures, of both sexes, in both groups. Moreover, the rural group spent most of their time feeding on garden/crop produce and wild plant food resources, while the urban group spent more time feeding on provisioned foods. These results showed that differences in the activity budgets of rural and urban dwelling macaques were due largely to the differences in available food resources. Commensal rhesus macaques show a high degree of behavioral flexibility in response to habitat and resource variability, and knowledge of these differences is important for the conservation and management of highly commensal primates.
猕猴的特点是分布广泛且能适应多种栖息地。活动预算受栖息地类型、季节以及与不同年龄 - 性别类别和个体需求相关的食物可获得性的影响。我们对两个食蟹猕猴群体进行了比较研究，一个群体生活在孟加拉国达卡市中心的农村村庄，另一个生活在达卡市的中心。该研究在2007年至2009年的三个不同季节进行，以评估栖息地类型和季节如何影响它们的行为活动。这两个栖息地之间食物类型及其可获得性的差异是导致群体间活动预算变化的主要原因。农村群体的进食时间明显长于城市群体。相比之下，城市群体的梳理毛发和物体操控/玩耍行为比农村群体更为显著。所有主要行为的季节性变化都受到群体的显著影响，农村群体夏季进食时间比冬季/旱季长，冬季/旱季梳理毛发和移动的时间比夏季多。相比之下，城市群体在季风和夏季休息的时间比冬季/旱季长。冬季/旱季的梳理毛发时间比季风和夏季长。在两个群体中，两性的未成年个体在进食和物体操控/玩耍上花费的时间明显多于成年个体，而休息时间则较少。在两个群体中，成年雌性比雄性和未成年个体花费更多时间梳理毛发。此外，农村群体大部分时间以花园/农作物和野生植物食物资源为食，而城市群体则更多地以供应的食物为食。这些结果表明，农村和城市猕猴活动预算的差异主要归因于可用食物资源的差异。食蟹猕猴在应对栖息地和资源变化时表现出高度的行为灵活性，了解这些差异对于高度共生的灵长类动物的保护和管理非常重要。
