Department of Applied Environmental Science-ITM, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Environ Int. 2012 Nov 15;49:120-7. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.016. Epub 2012 Sep 24.
Dietary intake has been hypothesized to be the major pathway of human exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). However, difficulties associated with the analysis of PFAAs at ultra trace levels in food samples have prevented the confirmation of this hypothesis. In this study, the dietary intake of PFAAs for the general Swedish population was estimated by applying a highly sensitive analytical method to a set of archived food market basket samples from 1999, 2005 and 2010. Dietary exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) (860-1440 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) (90-210 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (50-110 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (70-80 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) was dominated by the consumption of fish and meat. In contrast, dietary exposure to PFOA (350-690 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) originated from low levels (8-62 pg g⁻¹) found in several high consumption food categories including cereals, dairy products, vegetables and fruit. The dietary intakes of PFOS and PFOA estimated in this study were 4 to 10 times lower compared to previous exposure modeling studies. Nevertheless, the dietary intake of PFOS and PFOA was still a factor of 6 to 10 higher than exposure through ingestion of household dust and drinking water estimated for the general Swedish population. For perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) drinking water intake was the major exposure pathway (36-53% of the total exposure) whereas dust ingestion made a significant contribution (27-49%) to the total exposure for PFHxA, PFHpA, PFNA, perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) and perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA). Dietary intakes varied by less than a factor of three for all PFAAs during the different sampling years which demonstrates that dietary intake has been fairly constant over the past decade when many manufacturing changes occurred.
饮食摄入被认为是人类接触全氟烷基酸 (PFAAs) 的主要途径。然而，由于在食品样品中痕量分析 PFAAs 存在困难，这一假设一直未得到证实。在这项研究中，通过应用一种高灵敏度的分析方法，对 1999 年、2005 年和 2010 年的一组存档食品市场篮子样本进行分析，估算了瑞典普通人群的 PFAAs 饮食摄入量。全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS)（860-1440 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹）、全氟壬酸 (PFUnDA)（90-210 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹）、全氟癸酸 (PFDA)（50-110 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹）和全氟壬酸 (PFNA)（70-80 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹）的饮食暴露主要来自鱼类和肉类的消费。相比之下，PFOA（350-690 pg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹）的饮食暴露则源于包括谷物、乳制品、蔬菜和水果在内的几个高消费食品类别中发现的低浓度（8-62 pg g⁻¹）。与之前的暴露建模研究相比，本研究中估算的 PFOS 和 PFOA 的饮食摄入量低 4 至 10 倍。然而，与瑞典普通人群通过摄入家庭灰尘和饮用水估计的暴露量相比，PFOS 和 PFOA 的饮食摄入量仍高出 6 至 10 倍。对于全氟己酸 (PFHxA)、全氟庚酸 (PFHpA) 和全氟己烷磺酸 (PFHxS)，饮用水摄入是主要的暴露途径（总暴露量的 36-53%），而灰尘摄入对 PFHxA、PFHpA、PFNA、全氟十三烷酸 (PFTrDA) 和全氟十四烷酸 (PFTeDA) 的总暴露量也有显著贡献（27-49%）。在不同的采样年份中，所有 PFAAs 的饮食摄入量变化幅度均小于三倍，这表明在过去十年中，当发生了许多制造变化时，饮食摄入量一直相当稳定。
