Anatomy, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
Histol Histopathol. 2012 Nov;27(11):1395-406. doi: 10.14670/HH-27.1395.
Rho GTPases are a family of small GTP binding proteins most commonly known for the regulation of many cellular processes, including actin cytoskeleton re-organisation, cell proliferation, signal transduction and regulation of apoptosis. Additionally, a link between Rho GTPases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been shown. In line with the growing interest in the role of ROS in cell biology, the relevance of this connection is becoming increasingly clearer. ROS production is classically associated with oxidative metabolic pathways (e.g. respiratory chain, arachidonic acid). During these metabolic pathways, ROS are produced as by-products and these can be potentially toxic. However, numerous cell types contain dedicated enzymatic complexes, i.e., NADPH oxidase (Nox) complexes, for regulated production of ROS. This regulated production of ROS seems to be important for a number of fundamental cell biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, aimed at maintaining tissue homeostasis. Data suggests that skin cells are capable of a regulated ROS production via Nox complexes. Members of the Rho GTPase family have been found to play a central regulatory role in Nox activity. In the present review we will focus on the involvement of Rho GTPases in regulated production of ROS with special emphasis on the skin. We will also discuss the possibility that some in vivo effects of the deletion of members of the Rho GTPase family in skin cells could potentially be linked to a reduced ability of regulated ROS production.
Rho GTPases 是一个小 GTP 结合蛋白家族，最常用于调节许多细胞过程，包括肌动蛋白细胞骨架的重新组织、细胞增殖、信号转导和细胞凋亡的调节。此外，已经显示 Rho GTPases 与活性氧物种 (ROS) 之间存在联系。随着人们对 ROS 在细胞生物学中的作用的兴趣不断增加，这种联系的相关性变得越来越清晰。ROS 的产生与氧化代谢途径（例如呼吸链、花生四烯酸）经典相关。在这些代谢途径中，ROS 作为副产物产生，这些副产物可能具有毒性。然而，许多细胞类型含有专门的酶复合物，即 NADPH 氧化酶 (Nox) 复合物，用于 ROS 的调节产生。这种 ROS 的调节产生似乎对许多基本的细胞生物学过程很重要，包括细胞生长、分化、迁移、血管生成，旨在维持组织内稳态。数据表明，皮肤细胞能够通过 Nox 复合物进行调节性 ROS 产生。Rho GTPase 家族的成员被发现在 Nox 活性的调节中发挥核心调节作用。在本综述中，我们将重点讨论 Rho GTPases 在 ROS 调节产生中的作用，特别强调皮肤。我们还将讨论这样一种可能性，即皮肤细胞中 Rho GTPase 家族成员缺失的一些体内效应可能与调节性 ROS 产生能力降低有关。
