Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
Science. 2012 Sep 28;337(6102):1651-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1221685.
In 1990, shotguns and M-16s were adopted into Enga warfare, setting off some 15 years of devastation as youths (~17 to 28) took charge of interclan warfare. In response, people called on elder leaders to adapt customary institutions to restore peace; subsequently, war deaths and the frequency of war declined radically. Data from precolonial warfare, 501 recent wars, and 129 customary court sessions allow us to consider (i) the principles and values behind customary institutions for peace, (ii) their effectiveness, (iii) how they interact with and compare to state institutions of today, and (iv) how such institutions might have shaped our human behavioral repertoire to make life in state societies possible.
1990 年，猎枪和 M-16 被引入恩加战争，这引发了大约 15 年的破坏，因为年轻人（17 岁至 28 岁）开始负责部落间的战争。作为回应，人们呼吁老年领导人调整习惯机构以恢复和平；随后，战争死亡人数和战争频率急剧下降。来自殖民前战争、501 次近期战争和 129 次习惯法庭审判的数据使我们能够考虑：（i）和平习惯机构背后的原则和价值观；（ii）它们的有效性；（iii）它们如何与当今的国家机构相互作用和比较；以及（iv）这些机构如何塑造我们的人类行为组合，使在国家社会中的生活成为可能。
