The effects of underestimated pain and their relationship to habituation.

The intensity of a painful stimulus was experimentally manipulated in order to induce underpredictions of pain. The experiment aimed at (1) replicating previous findings on the effects of underpredicted pain and (2) investigating the relationship between underpredicted pain and habituation. Most previous findings were replicated: underpredictions of pain were followed by raised expectations of pain and increased fear of pain. In addition, the underprediction had long-term effects on fear of pain, uncertainty about predictions, and expected aversiveness of the painful stimulus. In contrast to previous findings and to Rachman's match/mismatch model, it was found that underpredicted pain can have dishabituating effects. It is theorized that inaccurately predicted pain can cause dishabituation, depending on the extent of the underprediction and on the subjective certainty of the prediction. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.